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HPV16-related OPSCC exhibits enhanced radiosensitivity compared to HPV16-unrelated PSCC, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. As HPV16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 are known to interfere with innate immune signaling, we investigated how modulation of cytosolic DNA sensing pathways and innate immune responses changes after irradiation (IR) and whether this contributes to enhanced radiosensitivity in HPV16-related OPSCC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using HPV16-related and -unrelated PSCC models, we examined baseline expression levels of DNA sensors and cytokines and assessed the effects of IR on double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) accumulation, activation of cytosolic DNA sensors, cytokines, and immune cell infiltration both\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Analyses were performed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescent staining.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HPV16-related OPSCC exhibited a distinct baseline expression profile of DNA sensors and cytokines, consistent with suppression of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. While IR-induced activation of DNA sensors was dose- and time-dependent across models, HPV16-related OPSCC showed selective activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and STING without significant cytokine upregulation or immune activation. In contrast, HPV16-related and unrelated PSCCs displayed activation of multiple DNA sensors, increased cytokine expression, and enhanced immune cell infiltration following IR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The key finding was that the involvement of cytosolic DNA sensing pathways and innate immune system do not increase radiosensitivity of HPV16-related OPSCC. In PSCC models, DNA sensor and cytokine expression varied depending on IR dose and fractionation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2025-0057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T16:58:35Z","timestamp":1765904315000},"page":"566-578","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma exhibits enhanced radiosensitivity despite limited activation of cytosolic DNA sensing pathways and innate immune responses"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Kristina","family":"Levpuscek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Jesenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilen","family":"Komel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska , Koper , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona Kranjc","family":"Brezar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Sersa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Cemazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska , Koper , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Primoz","family":"Strojan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071215565062432_j_raon-2025-0057_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. 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