{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T12:45:22Z","timestamp":1782996322505,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Asbestos exposure is associated with asbestos-related diseases such as pleural plaques, asbestosis, lung cancer, malignant mesothelioma (MM), as well as several other types of cancer. Although the exact mechanism underlying the development of asbestos-related diseases is not yet fully understood, the immune system may play an important role. Immune checkpoints such as programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) regulate immune responses and are crucial for maintaining immune tolerance, while defects in these mechanisms can lead to the development of cancer. The aim of present study was to investigate the association of polymorphisms in the immune checkpoint genes for PD-1 (\n                      <jats:italic>PDCD1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), PD-L1 (\n                      <jats:italic>CD274<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and CTLA-4 (\n                      <jats:italic>CTLA4<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) with the risk of asbestos-related diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a retrospective case-control study. The cases included individuals with asbestosis or pleural plaques and MM patients. The controls were asbestos-exposed subjects who did not develop asbestos-related diseases. All subjects were genotyped for\n                      <jats:italic>PDCD1<\/jats:italic>\n                      (rs2227982, rs222798, rs10204525),\n                      <jats:italic>CD274<\/jats:italic>\n                      (rs2297136, rs4143815, rs4742098) and\n                      <jats:italic>CTLA4<\/jats:italic>\n                      (rs5742909, rs4553808, rs231775) polymorphisms using competitive allele-specific PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study showed that the\n                      <jats:italic>CTLA4<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs4553808 polymorphism was associated with a decreased risk of asbestosrelated diseases (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.15-0.74, P = 0.007). Homozygous carriers of polymorphic rs4553808 G allele had a lower risk of developing pleural plaques as well as MM compared to the control group (OR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.11-0.68, P = 0.01, and OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.16 -0.93, P = 0.03, respectively). However, carriers of polymorphic\n                      <jats:italic>CTLA4<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs231775 GG genotype had a higher risk of developing MM compared to the group of subjects with pleural plaques (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.10-2.89, P = 0.02). The other investigated polymorphisms were not associated with any of the asbestos-related diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>CTLA4<\/jats:italic>\n                      polymorphisms may play a role in the susceptibility for asbestos-related diseases. Our results may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of asbestos-related diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2026-0035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T10:07:33Z","timestamp":1782468453000},"page":"271-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic variability of immune checkpoints in asbestos-related diseases"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Irma","family":"Zeljkovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Goricar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Blagus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alenka","family":"Franko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute of Occupational Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viljem","family":"Kovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vita","family":"Dolzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070211560871835_j_raon-2026-0035_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mossman BT, Churg A. 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