{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T19:15:53Z","timestamp":1783538153989,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjph-2021-0013_s_006\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persons with ID most often have incomplete, contradictory and imprecise knowledge of sexuality and sexual intercourse itself. They are not provided with sufficient information on their own body and sexuality, and are often discouraged from and sanctioned for trying to sexually express themselves. Sexual abuse due to low sexual assertiveness is also common.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjph-2021-0013_s_007\">\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The principal aim of this study was to establish the presence or absence of sexual activity in adults with ID residing in institutional housing, as well as the level and structure of their knowledge of sexuality, their sexual assertiveness and preparedness to react in a sexually dangerous situation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjph-2021-0013_s_008\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sample consisted of 100 participants with ID residing in institutional housing. The instruments used included the General Sexual Knowledge Questionnaire, What-if test and Hulbert index of sexual assertiveness. Comparative statistics included coefficient of linear correlation and multiple regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjph-2021-0013_s_009\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that 82% of the participants are sexually active. Most participants admitted to sometimes having sexual intercourse against their wishes as well as to having difficulty asserting themselves. Their knowledge of pregnancy, contraception and sexually transmitted diseases was very low. Female participants and those that reported having sexual intercourse had more sexual knowledge and were also more sexually assertive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjph-2021-0013_s_010\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Knowledge of sexuality and sexual assertiveness of persons with ID residing in institutional housing is very low. Additional information on sexuality is necessary, as well as support in learning to express their own desires and to deal with unwanted sexual activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2478\/sjph-2021-0013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T20:31:36Z","timestamp":1617741096000},"page":"82-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Persons with intellectual disability: Sexual behaviour, knowledge and assertiveness"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Nina","family":"Brki\u0107-Jovanovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychology , Hajduk Veljkova 3 , Novi Sad , Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanja","family":"Runjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution for Mentally Disabled adult Persons \u201cOtthon\u201d , Stara Moravica , Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Tama\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation , Hajduk Veljkova 3 , Novi Sad , Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanela","family":"Slavkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation , Hajduk Veljkova 3 , Novi Sad , Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesela","family":"Milankov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation , Hajduk Veljkova 3 , Novi Sad , Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kijak R. The sexuality of adults with intellectual disability in Poland. Sex Disabil. 2013;31:109-23. doi: 10.1007\/s11195-013-9294-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11195-013-9294-8"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil-Llario MD, Morell-Mengual V, Ballester-Arnal R, D\u00edaz-Rodr\u00edguez I. The experience of sexuality in adults with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2018;62:72-80. doi: 10.1111\/jir.12455.","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12455"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anker-Hansen C, Skovdahl K, McCormack B, T\u00f8nnessen S. The third person in the room: the needs of care partners of older people in home care services - a systematic review from a person-centred perspective. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27:e1309-26. doi: 10.1111\/jocn.14205.","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14205"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomaszewski B, Fidler D, Talapatra D, Riley K. Adaptive behaviour, executive function and employment in adults with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2018;62:41-52. doi: 10.1111\/jir.12450.","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12450"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perkins EA, Small BJ. Aspects of cognitive functioning in adults with intellectual disabilities. J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil. 2006;3:181-94. doi: 10.1111\/j.1741-1130.2006.00078.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-1130.2006.00078.x"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dukes E, McGuire BE. Enhancing capacity to make sexuality-related decisions in people with an intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2009;53:727-34. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2009.01186.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2009.01186.x"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_007","unstructured":"Haracopos D, Pedersen L. Sexuality and autism: Danish report. Accessed July 30th, 2019 at:"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamas D, Brkic Jovanovic N, Rajic M, Bugarski Ignjatovic V, Peric Prkosovacki B. Professionals, parents and the general public: attitudes towards the sexuality of persons with intellectual disability. Sex Disabil. 2019;37:245-58. doi: 10.1007\/s11195-018-09555-2.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11195-018-09555-2"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treacy AC, Taylor SS, Abernathy TV. Sexual health education for individuals with disabilities: a call to action. Am J Sex Educ. 2018;13:6593. doi: 10.1080\/15546128.2017.1399492.","DOI":"10.1080\/15546128.2017.1399492"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown M, McCann E. The views and experiences of families and direct care support workers regarding the expression of sexuality by adults with intellectual disabilities: a narrative review of the international research evidence. Res Dev Disabil. 2019;90:80-91. doi: 10.1016\/j. ridd.2019.04.012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2019.04.012"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraser-Barbour EF, Crocker R, Walker R. Barriers and facilitators in supporting people with intellectual disability to report sexual violence: perspectives of Australian disability and mainstream support providers. J Adult Protect. 2018;20:5-16. doi: 10.1108\/JAP-08-2017-0031.","DOI":"10.1108\/JAP-08-2017-0031"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leutar Z, Mihokovi\u0107 M. Level of knowledge about sexuality of people with mental disabilities. Sex Disabil. 2007;25:93-109. doi: 10.1007\/ s11195-007-9046-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11195-007-9046-8"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talbot TJ, Langdon PE. A revised sexual knowledge assessment tool for people with intellectual disabilities: is sexual knowledge related to sexual offending behaviour? J Intellect Disabil Res. 2006;50:523-31. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2006.00801.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2006.00801.x"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galea J, Butler J, Iacono T, Leighton D. The assessment of sexual knowledge in people with intellectual disability. J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2004;29:350-65. doi: 10.1080\/13668250400014517.","DOI":"10.1080\/13668250400014517"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_015","unstructured":"Garbutt R, Boycott-Garnett R, Tattersall J, Dunn J. Talking about sex and relationships: the views of young people with learning disabilities. Project report. Leeds: Change, 2010."},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frawley P, Wilson NJ. Young people with intellectual disability talking \u0430bout sexuality education and information. Sex Disabil. 2016;34:46984. doi: 10.1007\/s11195-016-9460-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11195-016-9460-x"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borawska-Charko M, Rohleder P, Finlay WML. The sexual health knowledge of people with intellectual disabilities: a review. Sex Res Social Policy. 2017;14:393-409. doi: 10.1007\/s13178-016-0267-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-016-0267-4"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blasingame GD. Risk assessment of adolescents with intellectual disabilities who exhibit sexual behavior problems or sexual offending behavior. J Child Sex Abus. 2018;27:955-71. doi: 10.1080\/10538712.2018.1452324.","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2018.1452324"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naaldenberg J, Kuijken N, van Dooren K, van Schrojenstein Lantman de Valk H. Topics, methods and challenges in health promotion for people with intellectual disabilities: a structured review of literature. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34:4534-45. doi: 10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.09.029.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.09.029"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Servais L. Sexual health care in persons with intellectual disabilities. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2006;12:48-56. doi: 10.1002\/ mrdd.20093.","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20093"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_021","unstructured":"Kapamadzija A, Vejnovic T, Vukelic J, Kopitovic V, Bjelica A. Sexual knowledge, attitudes and practice of adolescents in northern Serbia - are we making any progress? Follow-up study 2000-2008. J Reproduktionsmed Endokrinol. 2010;7:106-11."},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wissink IB, van Vugt E, Moonen X, Stams GJ, Hendriks J. Sexual abuse involving children with an intellectual disability (ID): a narrative review. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;36:20-35. doi: 10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.09.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.09.007"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone M. Preventing sexual violence against people with disabilities: empowerment self-defense, risk reduction education, and organizational change. In: Orchowski LM, Gidycz CA, editors. Sexual assault risk reduction and resistance: theory, research, and practice. London: Academic Press, 2018:353-78.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805389-8.00015-3"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbett A, Cottis T, Lloyd E. The survival and development of a traumatized clinic for psychotherapy for people with intellectual disabilities. In: Hopper E. Trauma and organizations. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group, 2018:111-26.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429484285-6"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wissink IB, van Vugt ES, Smits IAM, Moonen XMH, Stams GJJM. Reports of sexual abuse of children in state care: a comparison between children with and without intellectual disability. J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2018;43:152-63. doi: 10.3109\/13668250.2016.1269881.","DOI":"10.3109\/13668250.2016.1269881"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_026","unstructured":"van Berlo W, Ploem R. Sexual violence: knowledge file. Accessed July 29th, 2019 at: https:\/\/www.rutgers.international\/sites\/rutgersorg\/files\/PDF\/knowledgefiles\/knowledge_file_Sexual_violence.pdf"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-Iglesias P, Vallejo-Medina P, Sierra JC. Equivalence and standard scores of the Hurlbert index of sexual assertiveness across Spanish men and women. Anales Psicologia. 2014;30:232-7. doi: 10.6018\/ analesps.30.1.143321.","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.30.1.143321"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morokoff PJ, Quina K, Harlow LL, Whitmire L, Grimley DM, Gibson PR, et al. Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS) for women: development and validation. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997;73:790-804. doi: 10.1037\/\/00223514.73.4.790.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.4.790"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_029","unstructured":"Santos-Iglesias P, Sierra J, Vallejo-Medina P. Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas de la versi\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de la Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS). Anales Psicolog\u00eda. 2011;27:17-26."},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_030","unstructured":"Hulbert DF. Hurlbert index of sexual assertiveness. In: Fisher TD, Davis CM, Yarber WL, Davis SL, editors. Handbook of sexuality-related measures. 3rd ed. New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2011:62."},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loshek E, Terrell HK. The development of the sexual assertiveness questionnaire (SAQ): a comprehensive measure of sexual assertiveness for woman. J Sex Res. 2015;52:1017-27. doi: 10.1080\/00224499.2014.944970.","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2014.944970"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaafsma D, Kok G, Stoffelen JM, Curfs LM. Identifying effective methods for teaching sex education to individuals with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review. J Sex Res. 2015;52:412-32. doi: 10.1080\/00224499.2014.919373.","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2014.919373"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_033","unstructured":"Nemerofsky AG. The What-if-situations-test. In: Fisher TD, Davis CM, Yarber WL, Davis SL, editors. Handbook of sexuality-related measures. 3rd ed. New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2011."},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isler A, Tas F, Beytut D, Conk Z. Sexuality in adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Sex Disabil. 2009;27:27-34. doi: 10.1007\/s11195-009-9107-2.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11195-009-9107-2"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickstr\u00f6m M, Larsson M, H\u00f6glund B. How can sexual and reproductive health and rights be enhanced for young people with intellectual disability? \u2013 focus group interviews with staff in Sweden. Reprod Health. 2020;17:1-10. doi: 10.1186\/s12978-020-00928-5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-00928-5"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_036","unstructured":"Edmonson B, McCombs K, Wish J. What retarded adults believe about sex. Am J Ment Defic. 1979;84:11-8."},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahoda A, Pownall J. Sexual understanding, sources of information and social networks; the reports of young people with intellectual disabilities and their non-disabled peers. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2014;58:430-41. doi: 10.1111\/jir.12040.","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12040"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lockhart K, Guerin S, Shanahan S, Coyle K. Expanding the test of counterfeit deviance: are sexual knowledge, experience and needs a factor in the sexualised challenging behaviour of adults with intellectual disability? Res Dev Disabil. 2010;31:117-30. doi: 10.1016\/j. ridd.2009.08.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2009.08.003"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_039","unstructured":"Eastgate G, Van Driel ML, Lennox N, Sheermeyer E. Women with intellectual disabilities: a study of sexuality, sexual abuse and protection skills. Aust Fam Physician. 2011;40:226-30."},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang CS, Lee YK. Knowledge on sexual abuse and self-protection skills: a study on female Chinese adolescents with mild mental retardation. Child Abuse Negl. 1999;23:269-79. doi: 10.1016\/s0145-2134(98)00124-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(98)00124-0"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siebelink EM, de Jong MD, Taal E, Roelvink L. Sexuality and people with intellectual disabilities: assessment of knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and needs. Ment Retard. 2006;44:283-94. doi: 10.1352\/0047-6765(2006)44[283:SAPWID]2.0.CO;2.","DOI":"10.1352\/0047-6765(2006)44[283:SAPWID]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Healy E, McGuire BE, Evans DS, Carley N. Sexuality and personal relationships for people with an intellectual disability. Part I: service-user perspectives. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2009;53:905-12. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2009.01203.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2009.01203.x"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michie AM, Lindsay WR, Martin V, Grieveo A. A test of counterfeit deviance: a comparison of sexual knowledge in groups of sex offenders with intellectual disability and controls. Sex Abuse. 2006;18:271-8. doi: 10.1177\/107906320601800305.","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320601800305"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambrick F, Glaser W. Sex offenders with an intellectual disability. Sex Abuse. 2004;16:381-92. doi: 10.1177\/107906320401600409.","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320401600409"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim YR. Personal safety programs for children with intellectual disabilities. Educ Train Autism Dev Disabil. 2010;45:312-9.","DOI":"10.1177\/215416471004500213"},{"key":"2026042917443749388_j_sjph-2021-0013_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mechlind LC. Thirty year review of safety skill instruction for persons with intellectual disabilities. Educ Train Dev Disabil. 2008;43:311-23.","DOI":"10.1177\/215416470804300304"}],"container-title":["Slovenian Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/sjph-2021-0013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:51:29Z","timestamp":1777499489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/sjph-2021-0013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/sjph-2021-0013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/sjph-2021-0013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1854-2476"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1854-2476","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]}}}