{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:26:31Z","timestamp":1773289591573,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]},"abstract":"Mechanistic Study on Aniline-Induced Erythrocyte Toxicity<\/jats:title>Strategies for the use of bio-indicators in the prediction of environmental damage should include mechanistic research. This study involves the relationship between the chemical structure and hemotoxic markers of aniline and its halogenated analogs. Aniline-induced methemoglobinemia, loss of circulating blood cells, blood stability, glutathione depletion and membrane cytoskeletal changes were assessed following exposure to phenylhydroxylamine (PHA),para<\/jats:italic>-fluoro-,para<\/jats:italic>-bromo-, andpara<\/jats:italic>-iodo in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Methemoglobin was determined spectrophotometrically at 635 nm. Erythrocyte depletion was investigated by loss of radioactivity in chromium-labeled red blood cellsin vivo.<\/jats:italic>Membrane proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE using red blood ghost cells treated with various aniline analogs. Results showed dose- and time-dependent changes in the induction of methemoglobin of up to 78 % withpara<\/jats:italic>-bromo PHA and 75 % withpara<\/jats:italic>-iodo PHA compared to 3 % to 5 % in control. Treated animals lost up to three times more blood from circulation compared to control within 14 days after treatment. Erythrocytes were more stable in buffer solution than inpara<\/jats:italic>-iodo-treated cells. Depletion of reduced glutathione in PHA andpara<\/jats:italic>-iodo-PHA treated red cells was also observed. Analysis of red cell skeletal membrane treated withpara<\/jats:italic>-iodo-PHA showed that protein band 2.1 became broader and band 2.2 diminished completely in some treatments. Dose- and time-dependent changes suggested the use of hemotoxic endpoints as potential biomarkers for assessing chemical and drug safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/v10004-007-0018-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,17]],"date-time":"2007-10-17T14:35:28Z","timestamp":1192631728000},"page":"275-285","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mechanistic Study on Aniline-Induced Erythrocyte Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Harpal","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Science and Mathematics, College of Sciences and Technology, Savannah State University, Savannah, Georgia, USA1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elissa","family":"Purnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Science and Mathematics, College of Sciences and Technology, Savannah State University, Savannah, Georgia, USA1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carion","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Science and Mathematics, College of Sciences and Technology, Savannah State University, Savannah, Georgia, USA1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"118","article-title":"Role of dapsone hydroxylamines in dapsone-induced hemolytic anemia","volume":"244","author":"S Grossman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2","first-page":"724","article-title":"Synthesis and in vitro toxicity if hydroxylamine metabolites of sulfonamides","volume":"244","author":"M Reider","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1989.tb03517.x","article-title":"Bioactivities of dapsone to a cytotoxic metabolite by human hepatic microsomal enzymes","volume":"28","author":"M Coleman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"4","first-page":"900","article-title":"Reactions of the nitroso and hydroxylamine metabolites of sulfamethoxazole with reduced glutathione. 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