{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T06:41:25Z","timestamp":1777358485160,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This research aimed to use a sustainable approach based on the internalisation of external cost analysis of intermodal transportation of freight to assess the impacts of these activities on the environment. This research used two approaches to develop a model that illustrates the internalisation of the external cost of freight transport. The first approach was used to calculate the cost of emissions for each route considering the transportation and its\u2019 cost in the country of destination. The second approach calculated the external cost considering only the distance travelled by the vehicle. The results showed that the companies operating in the selected scenarios would have to pay an additional cost for the transportation of goods. The scenarios had different pollutants emitted during the transportation, which means that the negative impact on human health and the environment is evident. The urgency to limit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased concerns for all activity sectors. Climate change has drawn the attention of governments, companies, and academics, promoting initiatives that mitigate the impact of their activities. The model for measuring emissions was used due to the need for a comprehensive cost analysis to further assess the impact on the environment. Regarding the internalisation of the external cost emissions, the findings showed that different scenarios had a different pollutant emitted during the transportation, which means that the negative impact for human health and the environment is evident. Findings also indicate that to minimise the impact during the transportation, considering the \u201cuser-pays principle\u201d, these impacts should be discussed in more detail between stakeholders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/emj-2024-0011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T14:22:43Z","timestamp":1721312563000},"page":"14-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Framework for assessing the environmental impacts of intermodal transportation"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7227-5930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wellington","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIICESI, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua do Curral, Casa do Curral, Margaride 4610-156 Felgueiras - Portugal ALGORITMI Research Centre , University of Minho , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Orf\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Avenida Pinto da Mota , n\u00ba 330, 4930-600 Valen\u00e7a , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7448-291X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADiT-LAB, Business School, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal ALGORITMI Research Centre , Department of Production and Systems , University of Minho , Campus de Azur\u00e9m 4804 - 533 Guimar\u00e3es , Portugal"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldakhil, A. M., Nassani, A. A., Awan, U., Abro, M. M. Q., & Zaman, K. (2018). Determinants of green logistics in BRICS countries: An integrated supply chain model for green business. Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, 861-868. doi: 10.1016\/j. jclepro.2018.05.248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.05.248"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_002","unstructured":"Auditors, E. C. of. (2021). The Polluter Pays Principle: Inconsistent application across EU environmental policies and actions."},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartholomeu, D. B., Lopes, C. J. R., & Yoshizaki, H. T. Y. (2020). Co2 emissions from fuel consumption in the logistic stages of the Brazilian bioethanol supply chain. Sustainability, 12(23), 1-18. doi: 10.3390\/su12239979","DOI":"10.3390\/su12239979"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_004","unstructured":"ECOtransit. (2022). Emission calculator for greenhouse gases and exhaust emissions."},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_005","unstructured":"European Commission. (2021). EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)."},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_006","unstructured":"European Commission. (2019). Handbook on the External Costs of Transport. In European Commission. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cedelft.eu\/en\/publications\/2311\/handbook-on-the-external-costs-of-transport-version-2019"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_007","unstructured":"International Energy Agency. (2021). Research and analysis of technologies such as fuel cells, EVs, emission reductions in combustion as well as advanced materials and fuels. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_008","unstructured":"ISO. (2021). ISO 14064."},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakara, M., & Brnjac, N. (2023). Foliated Transport Networks in Intermodal Freight Transport. Sustainability, 15(9), 7384. doi: 10.3390\/su15097384","DOI":"10.3390\/su15097384"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinsella, L., Stefaniec, A., Foley, A., & Caulfield, B. (2023). Pathways to decarbonising the transport sector: The impacts of electrifying taxi fleets. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 174, 113160. doi: 10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113160"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwakwa, P. A., Adjei-Mantey, K., & Adusah-Poku, F. (2022). The effect of transport services and ICTs on carbon dioxide emissions in South Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(4), 10457-10468. doi: 10.1007\/s11356-022-22863-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22863-7"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Li, J., Chen, Y., Lian, S., Zeng, J., Geng, M., Zheng, S., Dong, Y., He, Y., Huang, P., Zhao, Z., Yan, X., Hu, Q., Wang, L., Yang, D., Zhu, Z., Sun, Y., Shang, W., Wang, D., Zhang, L., Hu, S., & Chen, X. (M.). (2023). Multi-scale urban passenger transportation CO2 emission calculation platform for smart mobility management. Applied Energy, 331, 120407. doi: 10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.120407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.120407"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagoudis, I. N., & Shakri, A. R. (2015). A framework for measuring carbon emissions for inbound transportation and distribution networks. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 17, 53-64. doi: 10.1016\/j.rtbm.2015.11.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rtbm.2015.11.001"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mhana, K. H., Norhisham, S. Bin, Katman, H. Y. B., & Yaseen, Z. M. (2023). Environmental impact assessment of transportation and land alteration using Earth observational datasets: Comparative study between cities in Asia and Europe. Heliyon, 9(9), e19413. doi: 10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19413"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merchan, A. L., Belboom, S., & Leonard, A. (2016). Environmental impact assessment of rail freight inter-modality. Civil-Comp Proceedings, 110(May). doi: 10.4203\/ccp.110.296","DOI":"10.4203\/ccp.110.296"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, Y., Bekta\u015f, T., & Bennell, J. (2016). Sustainability SI: Multimode Multicommodity Network Design Model for Intermodal Freight Transportation with Transfer and Emission Costs. Networks and Spatial Economics, 16(1), 303-329. doi: 10.1007\/s11067-014-9227-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11067-014-9227-9"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, T., Pozzi, R., Pirovano, G., Cigolini, R., & Pero, M. (2021). A new logistics model for increasing economic sustainability of perishable food supply chains through intermodal transportation. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 24(4), 346-363. doi: 10.1080\/13675567.2020.1758047","DOI":"10.1080\/13675567.2020.1758047"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, T. A., Fonseca, M., Martins, P., & Soares, C. G. (2022). Integrating Short Sea Shipping with Trans-European Transport Networks. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(2). doi: 10.3390\/jmse10020218","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10020218"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_019","unstructured":"Schirone, D., & Torkan, G. (2012). New transport organization by IKEA. An example of social responsibility in corporate strategy. Advances in Management and Applied Economics, 2(3), 181-193."},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamannaei, M., Zarei, H., & Rasti-Barzoki, M. (2021). A game theoretic approach to sustainable freight transportation: Competition between road and intermodal road\u2013rail systems with government intervention. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 153(October), 272-295. doi: 10.1016\/j. trb.2021.09.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2021.09.002"},{"key":"2026042723184366697_j_emj-2024-0011_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Wood, J., Wang, Y., Geng, X., & Long, X. (2020). CO2 emission in transportation sector across 51 countries along the Belt and Road from 2000 to 2014. Journal of Cleaner Production, 266, 122000. doi: 10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122000"}],"container-title":["Engineering Management in Production and Services"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/emj-2024-0011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T05:49:18Z","timestamp":1777355358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/emj-2024-0011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/emj-2024-0011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/emj-2024-0011","relation":{},"ISSN":["2543-912X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2543-912X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}}}