{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:02:07Z","timestamp":1777622527181,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study is based on the analysis of three fundamental aspects of company and managerial life: the culture of organizations, the style of leadership and financial performance. Its focus was to question the connection between these and to devise a strategy that could be applied in Portugal, during 2017 and 2019, in industrial sector companies.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methodology:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To do so, it was decided to start methodological analysis of the behaviour of managers and organizations operating in this environment, considering several classifications: multinational companies operating in Portugal and Portuguese companies with a strategy for and in the process of internationalization. On this basis the study problem was set at the level of managerial behaviour, bearing in mind that this varies depending on the type of organization in which managers\u2019 work. The problem involves scientific, methodological, and cultural aspects that have already been demonstrated by several authors, whose considerations have been incorporated. The study was conducted in 16 companies operating in Portugal.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Findings:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The characteristics of leadership in the multinationals tend towards greater balance between the four roles of each of the corresponding quadrants, while in the national companies it tends to be more internally focused.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Value Added:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This difference could be related to what R. Quinn calls the Normal State of Leadership, which is focused on the comfort zone that the internal processes seem to generate; the multinational companies are more focused on external aspects and future development \u2013 Fundamental State of Leadership \u2013 centred on strategic dedication to clients and flexibility.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Recommendations:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Dedication to clients and flexibility, that we intend to link with Internal Marketing strategy drivers, considering the investigation ideas for this paper, as the demonstration if some different Leadership Styles influence the Financial Performance of the Companies or not.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/joim-2020-0041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T08:51:23Z","timestamp":1594371083000},"page":"134-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of Senior-Managerial Leadership Culture on Value Creation for Shareholders \u2013 A Study of Local and Multinational Companies in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9221-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Acabado","family":"Romana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Atl\u00e2ntica University Barcarena , Portugal"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_001_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ab1Aa","unstructured":"Ackoff, R. (1973).Systems Thinking for Curious Managers. Triarchy Press Ltd."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_002_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ab2Aa","unstructured":"Ashkanasy, N., Wilderom, C., & Peterson, M. (2000).The Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate. Harvard Business Review."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_003_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ab3Aa","unstructured":"Bardin, L. (1977).An\u00e1lise de Conte\u00fado. Presse Universitaires de France."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_004_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ab4Aa","unstructured":"Basu, R. (2018).Fit Sigma \u2013 A Lean Approach to Building Sustainable Quality Beyond Six Sigma. John Wiley & Sons ltd, UK."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_005_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ab5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, J. F. (2007). The Global Business Leader (INSEAD), 6\u201310.10.1057\/9780230579453","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230579453"},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_006_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ab6Aa","unstructured":"Damodaran online, 2018 and 2019. Support for Calculation of Financial Data. Retrieved from: http:\/\/pages.stern.nyu.edu\/~adamodar\/."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_007_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ab7Aa","unstructured":"De Geus, A. (1997). The Living Company. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 4\u20139."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_008_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ab8Aa","unstructured":"Desai, M., & Ferri, F. (2005). Understanding Economic Value Added. Harvard Business School, 2, 5\u201313."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_009_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ab9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drucker, P. (1997).Toward the new organization. University of Pittsburgh.10.1002\/ltl.40619970304","DOI":"10.1002\/ltl.40619970304"},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_010_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac10Aa","unstructured":"Flick, U. (2002). M\u00e9todos Qualitativos na Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Cient\u00edfica. Lisbon: Monitor."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_011_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac11Aa","unstructured":"Fritz, R. (1989).The Path of Least Resistance. Random House Publishing Group: New York USES and Toronto Canada."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_012_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac12Aa","unstructured":"Grant, R. (2002).Contemporary Strategy Analysis. Blackwell Publishers."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_013_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac13Aa","unstructured":"Grant, R. (2016).Contemporary Strategy Analysis (2nd Edition). Blackwell Publishers."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_014_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac14Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatch, M. (1993).The Dynamics of Organizational Culture. The Academy of Management Review, 18.10.5465\/amr.1993.9402210154","DOI":"10.2307\/258594"},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_015_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac15Aa","unstructured":"Kotter, J., & Heskett, J. (1992). Corporate Culture and Performance. Simon & Schuster."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_016_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrence, K., Lenk, P., & Quinn, R. (2009). Behavioural complexity in Leadership: The psychometric properties of a new instrument to measure behavioural repertoire. Elsevier. The Leadership Quarterly. 20(2), 87\u2013102.10.1016\/j.leaqua.2009.01.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2009.01.014"},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_017_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac17Aa","unstructured":"Le Moigne, J. (1995). Les Epistemologies Construtivistes. Collection Que sais-le? Paris: PUF."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_018_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac18Aa","unstructured":"Lopes, A., & Reto, L. (1990). Identity of the company and management culture. Lisbon: Edi\u00e7\u00f5es S\u00edlabo (Portuguese Edition)."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_019_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac19Aa","unstructured":"Martinet, A. (1987). Funci\u00f3n y din\u00e1mica de las lenguas. Madrid: Gredos."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_020_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac20Aa","unstructured":"Mintzberg, H. (1973). The Nature of Managerial Work. New York: Harper & Row."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_021_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac21Aa","unstructured":"Mintzberg, H. (1982). Structure et dynamique des organisations. Editions d\u2019Organisation."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_022_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac22Aa","unstructured":"Mintzberg, H. (1983). Structure in Fives: Designing Effective Organizations. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 2."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_023_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac23Aa","unstructured":"Pfeffer I., Jeffrey J., & Salancik, G. (1978, 2003). The External control of organizations: a resource dependence perspective. Stanford Business Books. New York: Harper & Row."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_024_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac24Aa","unstructured":"Piper, T. (2010\u20132011). Assessing a Company\u00b4s Future Financial Health. Harvard Business School, 12\u201315."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_025_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac25Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porter, P. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Harvard Business Review.10.1007\/978-1-349-11336-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-11336-1"},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_026_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac26Aa","unstructured":"Quinn, R. (1988).Beyond Rational Management. Jossey \u2013 Bass Inc., Publishers."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_027_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac27Aa","unstructured":"Quinn, R. (1996). Deep Change: Discovering the Leader Within. Business & Management Series. Jossey Bass."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_028_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac28Aa","unstructured":"Quinn, R. (2018). Change the World: how ordinary people can achieve extraordinary results. Jossey \u2013 Bass Inc., Publishers."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_029_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac29Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn, R. (2004, 2011). Building the bridge as you walk on it: a guide for leading change. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1002\/ltl.97","DOI":"10.1002\/ltl.97"},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_030_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac30Aa","unstructured":"Quinn, R. (2004). Loex Conference for Instruction Librarians, Entering the Fundamental State of Leadership, The Changing Role of the User Instruction Librarian [online]. Retrieved from: www.emich.edu\/public\/loex\/loex2004\/quinn.htm."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_031_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac31Aa","unstructured":"Schein, H. (1992).Organizational Culture and Leadership. USA: Jossey Bass Business and Management."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_032_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac32Aa","unstructured":"Stiglitz, J. (2003). Globalization and its Discontents. W. W. and Company."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_033_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac33Aa","unstructured":"Spreitzer, G., & Quinn, R. (2001). A Company of Leaders. San Francisco: Jossey Bass."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_034_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac34Aa","unstructured":"Quinn, R., Cameron, K., Degraff, J., & Thakor, A., (2017). Competing Values Leadership, Creating Value in Organizations. UK: Lancaster University."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_035_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac35Aa","unstructured":"Kracklauer, S., Janssen, M., & Dorr E. (2010). Optimizing Business Performance in a Volatile Recovery. The Hackett Group, 1\u201310."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_036_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac36Aa","unstructured":"Watkins, M. (2007). Infectious Leadership. Harvard Business Review, n. 3, October."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_037_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac37Aa","unstructured":"Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society. University of California Press."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_038_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac38Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiley, T. (1996).English-Only and Standard English Ideologies in the U.S. Tesol: California State University.","DOI":"10.2307\/3587696"},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_039_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac39Aa","unstructured":"Womack, J., Jones, L., & Ross, T. (2017).Lean Management \u2013 The Value Stream Map. HBR."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_040_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac40Aa","unstructured":"Woods, T. (1997). Handbook of Reading Research. LEA, Inc. Publishers."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_041_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac41Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weick, K., & Quinn, R. (1999). Organizational change and development. Annu. Rev. Psychol., N\u00ba 50, 361\u2013386.10.1146\/annurev.psych.50.1.361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.50.1.361"},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_042_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac42Aa","unstructured":"Yukl, G. (2014, 2016).Leadership in organizations. Prentice Hall, Inc."},{"key":"2026042818372501153_j_joim-2020-0041_ref_043_w2aab3b7c12b1b6b1ab1ac43Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vroom, V., & Yetton, P. (1973). Leadership and Decision-Making. University of Pittsburgh Press.10.2307\/j.ctt6wrc8r","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt6wrc8r"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intercultural Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/joim\/12\/2\/article-p134.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/joim-2020-0041","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:16:03Z","timestamp":1777414563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/joim-2020-0041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/joim-2020-0041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/joim-2020-0041","relation":{},"ISSN":["2080-0150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2080-0150","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}}}