{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:56:17Z","timestamp":1777629377429,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In concrete structures, material performance is typically determined at the level of the concrete mix (the microscale) and the overall shape and dimensions of a building element (the macroscale). However, recent developments in the field of 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) are demonstrating that the design of concrete now also can take place at a previously impossible intermediate scale involving the shaping and placement of the material at the level of the printing nozzle (the mesoscale). By focusing directly on the design of print paths, advanced surface effects and internal porous material distributions can be achieved that significantly affect the aesthetic experience and structural performance of 3DCP structures. This ability to design the distribution of concrete according to local architectural, structural, and functional design criteria is an especially interesting application of 3DCP that could be exploited to customise material performance while at the same time optimising material use and reducing the self-weight of building elements. This paper specifically examines how four different three-dimensional print patterns produce distinct material structures at the mesoscale (mesostructures) and presents an experimental procedure for evaluating their load-bearing capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/ncr-2023-0011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T14:43:35Z","timestamp":1704552215000},"page":"87-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Towards the Application of Mesostructures in 3D Concrete Printing \u2013 Evaluating Load-bearing Performance"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Helena","family":"Westerlind","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postdocoral researcher, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Architecture , Osquars backe 5, SE 100 44 Stockholm , Sweden"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD. Candidate, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Dept. of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Div. of Concrete Structures , Brinellv\u00e4gen 23, SE 100 44 Stockholm , Sweden"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Silfwerbrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Dept. of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Div. of Concrete Structures , Brinellv\u00e4gen 23, SE 100 44 Stockholm , Sweden"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042823114642298_j_ncr-2023-0011_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le T, Austin A, Lim S, Buswell R, Law R, Gibb A & Thorpe T: \u201cHardened Properties of High-Performance Printing Concrete\u201d. 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Proceedings, Robotic Fabrication in Architecture, Art and Design 2018, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, September 2018, pp. 459\u2013472.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92294-2_35"},{"key":"2026042823114642298_j_ncr-2023-0011_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gosselin C, Duballet R, Roux P, Gaudilli\u00e8re N, Dirrenberger J, Morel P: \u201cLarge-scale 3D printing of ultra-high performance concrete \u2013 a new processing route for architects and builders\u201d. Materials & Design, Vol. 100, 2016, pp. 102-109.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.03.097"},{"key":"2026042823114642298_j_ncr-2023-0011_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ooms T, Vantyghem G, Tao Y, Bekaert M, Schutter G D, Tittelboom K V & Corte W D:. \u201cThe Production of a Topology-Optimized 3D-Printed Concrete Bridge\u201d. Proceedings, Third RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom, June 2022, pp. 37\u201342.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-06116-5_6"},{"key":"2026042823114642298_j_ncr-2023-0011_ref_008","unstructured":"Westerlind H: \u201cChoreographing Flow: A Study in Concrete Deposition\u201d. (PhD Thesis), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Architecture, Stockholm, Sweden, 2021."},{"key":"2026042823114642298_j_ncr-2023-0011_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anton A, Bedarf P, Yoo A, Dillenburger B, Reiter L, Wangler T & Flatt R.J: \u201cConcrete Choreography: Prefabrication of 3D-Printed Columns\u201d. 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