{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:03:54Z","timestamp":1761581034924,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microscopy has traditionally been the most common method in parasitological studies, but in recent years molecular screening has become increasingly frequent to detect protozoan parasites in a wide range of vertebrate hosts and vectors. During routine molecular screening of apicomplexan parasites in reptiles using the 18S rRNA gene, we have amplified and sequenced Proteromonas parasites from three lizard hosts (less than 1% prevalence). We conducted phylogenetic analysis to confirm the taxonomic position and infer their relationships with other stramenopiles. Although our phylogeny is limited due to scarcity of molecular data on these protists, our results confirm they are closely related to Proteromonas lacertae. Our findings show that unexpected parasites can be amplified from host samples (blood and tissue) using general procedures to detect hemoparasites, and stress that positive PCR amplifications alone should not be considered as definitive proof of infection by particular parasites. Further validation by sequence confirmation and thorough phylogenetic assessment will not only avoid false positives and biased prevalence estimates but also provide valuable information on the biodiversity and phylogenetic relationships of other parasitic organisms. More generally, our results illustrate the perils of general diagnosis protocols in parasitological studies and the need of cross-validation procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-012-0048-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,5]],"date-time":"2012-11-05T07:09:56Z","timestamp":1352099396000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Apicomplexa primers amplify Proteromonas (Stramenopiles, Slopalinida, Proteromonadidae) in tissue and blood samples from lizards"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Maia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elena","family":"G\u00f3mez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-1354-2.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-005-1354-2","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of haemogregarine blood parasites and their mite vectors in the common wall lizard Podarcis muralis","volume":"1","author":"Amo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2470.1.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-2470.1","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Hepatozoon species in reptiles from the Seychelles of","volume":"8","author":"Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal Parasitology"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evq015.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093\/gbe\/evq015","article-title":"A linear molecule with two large inverted repeats : the mitochondrial genome of the stramenopile Proteromonas lacertae and","volume":"22","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Biology Evolution"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2009.01302.x.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2009.01302.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of an ancient Hepatozoon species parasitizing the living fossil marsupial Monito del Monte Dromiciops gliroides from Chile","volume":"19","author":"Merino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn083.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msn083","article-title":"jModelTest : Phylogenetic model averaging and","volume":"23","author":"Posada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecular Biology Evolution"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-004-0149-x.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s00239-004-0149-x","article-title":"Reevaluation of the evolutionary position of opalinids based on rDNA and \u03b1 - and \u03b2 - tubulin gene phylogenies","volume":"21","author":"Nishi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Evolution"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000028833.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182000028833","article-title":"A new flagellate of the genus Proteromonas Kunstler from an Indian lizard","volume":"16","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"1968","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.017.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.017","article-title":"Blastocystis in humans and animals : new insights using modern methodologies","volume":"29","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2666.1.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-2666.1","article-title":"Molecular survey of Hepatozoon species in lizards from North Africa of","volume":"18","author":"Maia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal Parasitology"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2004.05.009.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ympev.2004.05.009","article-title":"Phylogenetic position of Protoopalina intestinalis based on SSU rRNA gene sequence and","volume":"14","author":"Kostka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Molecular Phylogenetics Evolution"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03179171.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03179171","article-title":"A new species of Proteromonas grassei n sp from the gut of Hemidactylus prashadi Smith Proceedings","volume":"27","author":"Saratchandra","year":"1980","journal-title":"Animal Sciences"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2307\/3273622","article-title":"Culture experiments on intestinal flagellates III Species from Amphibians and Reptiles of http dx doi org","volume":"36","author":"Wenrich","year":"1947","journal-title":"Journal Parasitology"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.2307\/2423961","article-title":"A comparative study of endoparasitism among some southern California lizard populations http dx doi org","volume":"30","author":"Telford","year":"1970","journal-title":"American Midland Naturalist"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-204R.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-204R","article-title":"High prevalence of Hepatozoon spp Hepatozoidae ) infection in water pythons Liasisfuscus from tropical Australia of","volume":"34","author":"Ujvari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal Parasitology"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005007596.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182005007596","article-title":"Analysis of the ITS region and partial ssu and lsu rRNA genes of Blastocystis and Proteromonas lacertae","volume":"10","author":"Hoevers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2011.08.029.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010","article-title":"New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum - likelihood phylogenies : assessing the performance of PhyML","volume":"7","author":"Guindon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-1383-x.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-005-1383-x","article-title":"Molecular identification and characterization of canine Hepatozoon species from Brazil","volume":"25","author":"Rubini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2307\/2408678","article-title":"Confidence intervals on phylogenies : an approach using the bootstrap http dx doi org","volume":"6","author":"Felsenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0932-4739(96)80004-6.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S0932-4739(96)80004-6","article-title":"- like rDNA sequences from Developayella elegans Labyrinthuloides haliotidis and Proteromonas lacertae confirm that the stramenopiles are a primarily heterotrophic group of","volume":"17","author":"Leipe","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Journal Protistology"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.1.66-78.2002.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.15.1.66-78.2002","article-title":"Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria Parasites","volume":"20","author":"Moody","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1654\/4060.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1654\/4060","article-title":"Comparative parasitology of squamate reptiles endemic to scrub and sand hills communities of north - central Florida","volume":"31","author":"Telford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comparative Parasitology"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.8.754","article-title":"MRBAYES : Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees http dx doi org","volume":"11","author":"Huelsenbeck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-004-0353-8.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s00239-004-0353-8","article-title":"Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts ( kingdom Chromista )","volume":"3","author":"Cavalier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Evolution"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2307\/3271469","article-title":"Some observations on the intestinal protozoa of Californian lizards of http dx doi org","volume":"37","author":"Wood","year":"1935","journal-title":"Journal Parasitology"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"151","article-title":"A new species of Hexamastix ( Protozoa ) parasitic in the spiny - tailed lizard Uromastyx hardwickii f\u00fcr","volume":"13","author":"Janakidevi","year":"1961","journal-title":"Zeitschrift Parasitenkunde"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.2307\/3277877","article-title":"Insect flagellates from feces and gut contents of four genera of lizards of http dx doi org","volume":"4","author":"Dollahon","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal Parasitology"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1645\/JP-GE-2908R2.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1645\/JP-GE-2908.1","article-title":"Molecular survey of Apicomplexa in Podarcis wall lizards detects Hepatozoon Sarcocystis and Eimeria species of","volume":"9","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal Parasitology"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11230-009-9206-6.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s11230-009-9206-6","article-title":"Haemogregarine blood parasites in the lizards Podarcis bocagei and carbonelli from NW Portugal","volume":"24","author":"Roca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Systematic Parasitology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-693R.1.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-693R.1","article-title":"Parasites in a biodiversity hotspot : a survey of hematozoa and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium in New Guinea pigs skinks of","volume":"2","author":"Austin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal Parasitology"},{"key":"ref271","first-page":"73","article-title":"Proteromonas waltairensis n sp from the wall lizard Hemidactylus prashadi Smith of","volume":"28","author":"Saratchandra","year":"1980","journal-title":"Indian Journal Parasitology"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-589R.1.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-589R.1","article-title":"PCR detection of lizard malaria parasites : prevalence of Plasmodium infections with low - level parasitemia differs by site and season of","volume":"35","author":"Vardo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal Parasitology"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3111.1.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-3111.1","article-title":"Hepatozoon infection prevalence in four snake genera : influence of diet prey parasitaemia levels or parasite type of xxx xxx","volume":"33","author":"Tom\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal Parasitology"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00333239","article-title":"A new species of Chilomastix alexeieff Protozoa : Retortamonadines from the Indian lizard f\u00fcr http dx doi org","volume":"12","author":"Janakidevi","year":"1961","journal-title":"Zeitschrift Parasitenkunde"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2006.11.002.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ympev.2006.11.002","article-title":"Phylogenetic position of Karotomorpha and paraphyly of Proteromonadidae and","volume":"15","author":"Kostka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecular Phylogenetics Evolution"}],"container-title":["Acta Parasitologica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.2478\/s11686-012-0048-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.2478\/s11686-012-0048-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.2478\/s11686-012-0048-z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T05:20:49Z","timestamp":1614835249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.2478\/s11686-012-0048-z\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/s11686-012-0048-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1896-1851","1230-2821"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1896-1851"},{"type":"print","value":"1230-2821"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]}}}