{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T08:13:03Z","timestamp":1747210383141,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"FEUP","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction:The lack of engagement and the shortage of motivation and drive, also referred to as apathy, negatively impacts the effectiveness and adherence to treatment and the general well-being of people with neurocognitive  disorders  (NCDs),  such  as  dementia.  Methodology:The  hypothesis  raised  states  that  the engagement of people with dementia during their non-invasive treatments for NCDs is affected by the noisy source  levels  and  negative  auditory  stimuli  present  within  environmental  treatment  settings.  An  online survey was conducted with the study objectives  to assess 1) the engagement levels of dementia patients while  interacting  with  others  at  home  versus  in  therapy  facilities,  2)  the  emotions  perceived  when interacting  with  people  at  home  compared  to  therapy  sessions,  3)  the  perceived  loudness  of  the environment at home versus in therapy facilities, and 4) which source sounds negatively impact the patients at  home  and  during  therapy  sessions.  A  purposive  sampling  (n=62)  targeting  relatives,  friends,  and caregivers of dementia patients was conducted via online community forums in the DACH region. Moreover, a recording session was conducted in a psychotherapist\u2019s office to verify the answer tothe questionnaire on  the  noise  sources  perceived  in  therapy  facilities.  Results  and  Discussion:The  raised  hypothesis  that disruptive auditory stimuli and noise levels influence the engagement levels of demented individuals during treatment is confirmed as the engagement is affected by the perceived noise disruptions when comparing perceived noise levels and engagement at home to those in treatment facilities.Significant statistical results were found between the lower engagement of demented individuals when interacting with people during therapy sessions compared to higher engagement in-home interactions. Furthermore, negatively perceived sound sources can be found in both therapy facilities and home settings. The noise sound sources identified, such as human voices, household appliances and household noises, while recording inthe psychotherapist\u2019s office align with the questionnaire responses received on this topic. The findings indicate that the perceived heightened  noise  levels  in  therapy  facilities  stand  in  correlation  with  the  lowered  engagement  rate perceived  during   the   therapy   session  compared  to   the   lower   noise   level   and  higher   engagement encountered when demented individuals interact at home.  Conclusion:If the identified noise elements are masked or replaced by other auditory stimuli that promote a soothing soundscape, the original disturbances encountered during therapy and the lack of engagement can possibly be minimized. Further studies need to be conducted in the prototyping of a noise intervention tool to analyze the impact on lack of engagement through noise disturbances.Keywords. Noise, Engagement, Dementia, Therapy, Apathy.INTRODUCTIONNeurocognitive  disorders  (NCDs)  are  a  steadily  rising  global  public  health  concern.  In  2020, around 50 million people worldwide lived with major NCDs, specifically dementia, with nearly 10  million  new  cases  per  year1NCDs  can  be  found  in  many  diseases,  including  Alzheimer, Parkinson,  Huntington,  and  Creutzfeldt-Jakob  (Reith,  2018).  The  causes  of  NCDs  are  typically associated with advanced age. Still, it can occur from incidents such as traumatic brain injuries, infections, thyroid problems, damage to the blood vessels, and other causes (Kane et al., 2017), increasingly affecting a wide range of people and age groups. Successful treatment methods are limited and can be split into two main categories, invasive and non-invasive methods.Invasive  treatment  methods  are  surgical  procedures,  such  as  Deep  Brain  Stimulation  (DBS),  a neurosurgical  procedure  in  which  a  neurotransmitter  is  placed  in  the  brain  to  send  electrical 1World Health Organization, Dementia [website] https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/dementia(accessed 12 April 2021)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.24840\/978-972-752-279-8_0009-0014","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T16:31:34Z","timestamp":1630427494000},"page":"9-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Noise promotes disengagement in dementia patients during non-invasive neurorehabilitation treatment"],"prefix":"10.24840","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7204-7452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aisha","family":"Animashaun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3884-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Bernardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"10468","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"event":{"name":"4th Symposium on Occupational Safety and Health"},"container-title":["4th Symposium on Occupational Safety and Health Proceedings Book"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T16:31:36Z","timestamp":1630427496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/books.fe.up.pt\/index.php\/feup\/catalog\/view\/978-972-752-279-8\/978-972-752-279-8_0009-0014\/262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24840\/978-972-752-279-8_0009-0014","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]}}}