{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:27:47Z","timestamp":1785407267148,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Medicinska Naklada d.o.o.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The aim of this study was to compare eating disorders (EDs) symptoms, traumatic experiences, family functioning and\nemotional regulation between Croatian and German bulimia nervosa (BN) female patients.\nMethods: The study included a total of 192 participants; 50 Croatian BN female patients ranging from 15 to 25 years old, treated\nat University Hospital Center Zagreb, and 55 German BN female patients between 20 and 45 years old, treated at University Hospital\nUlm. Croatian control group consisted of 50 subjects, and German control group consisted of 37 subjects that are matched with par-\nticipants of clinical groups by to the essential characteristics. Participants were asked to fill out EDI-2, ETISR-SF, FAD and DERS.\nResults: We obtained differences between Croatian and German BN female patients in age range and in multiple clinical scales.\nAfter controlling for the age variable, we found no statistically significant difference between groups in ED symptoms on EDI-2, nor\nin family functioning with respect to FAD. The Croatian participants showed more traumatic experiences on the ETISR-SF (General\ntrauma, Physical punishment) and German participants showed more difficulties with emotional regulation on DERS (Awareness),\nwhereas higher levels of exposure to General trauma (OR=.25; 95% CI =.09-.70; p&lt;.01) and Physical punishment (OR=.06; 95%\nCI=.01-.37; p&lt;.01) increased the odds for participant to be categorized as part of the Croatian group, while lack of emotional Aware-\nness (OR=7.07; 95% CI=1.33-37.05; p&lt;.05) increases the odds for participant to belong to the German group.\nConclusions: The Croatian group exhibited more traumatic experiences, whereas German participants demonstrated greater\nlack of emotional awareness. On the whole, we found no statistically significant difference between Croatian and German BN female\npatients in ED symptoms as neither in family functioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2026.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T16:39:59Z","timestamp":1778171999000},"page":"23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developmental and cultural factors in bulimia nervosa: A comparative study of Croatian and German female patients across age cohorts"],"prefix":"10.24869","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Trpimir","family":"Jakovina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Begovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00r9vb833","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Hospital Centre Zagreb"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024a8dx81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sisters of Charity Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"\u017duri\u0107 Jakovina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"von Wietersheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6768","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. 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