{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:07:07Z","timestamp":1784178427872,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"California","reference-count":0,"publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge base question answering (KBQA) aims to answer a question over a knowledge base (KB). Recently, a large number of studies focus on semantically or syntactically complicated questions. In this paper, we elaborately summarize the typical challenges and solutions for complex KBQA.  We begin with introducing the background about the KBQA task.  Next, we present the two mainstream categories of methods for complex KBQA, namely semantic parsing-based (SP-based) methods and information retrieval-based (IR-based) methods. We then review the advanced methods comprehensively from the perspective of the two categories. Specifically, we explicate their solutions to the typical challenges. Finally, we conclude and discuss some promising directions for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/611","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T11:00:49Z","timestamp":1628679649000},"page":"4483-4491","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["A Survey on Complex Knowledge Base Question Answering: Methods, Challenges and Solutions"],"prefix":"10.24963","author":[{"given":"Yunshi","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaole","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, Renmin University of China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Management and Analysis Methods"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaoling School of Artificial Intelligence, Renmin University of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Management and Analysis Methods"},{"name":"Gaoling School of Artificial Intelligence, Renmin University of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Rong","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, Renmin University of China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Management and Analysis Methods"},{"name":"Gaoling School of Artificial Intelligence, Renmin University of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10584","event":{"name":"Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}","theme":"Artificial Intelligence","location":"Montreal, Canada","acronym":"IJCAI-2021","number":"30","sponsor":["International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization (IJCAI)"],"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]}},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T11:04:19Z","timestamp":1628679859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijcai.org\/proceedings\/2021\/611"}},"subtitle":[],"proceedings-subject":"Artificial Intelligence Research Articles","short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/611","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}}}