{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T01:08:10Z","timestamp":1779152890650,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"California","reference-count":0,"publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Massive human-related data is collected to train neural networks for computer vision tasks. A major conflict is exposed relating to software engineers between better developing AI systems and distancing from the sensitive training data. To reconcile this conflict, the paper proposes an efficient privacy-preserving learning paradigm, where images are encrypted to become ``human-imperceptible, machine-recognizable'' via one of the two encryption strategies: (1) random shuffling equally-sized patches and (2) mixing-up sub-patches. Then, minimal adaptations are made to vision transformer to enable it to learn on the encrypted images for vision tasks, including image classification and object detection. Extensive experiments on ImageNet and COCO show that the proposed paradigm achieves comparable accuracy with the competitive methods. Decrypting the encrypted images requires solving an NP-hard jigsaw puzzle or ill-posed inverse problem, which is empirically shown intractable to be recovered by various attackers, including the powerful vision transformer-based attacker. We thus show that the proposed paradigm can ensure the encrypted images have become human-imperceptible while preserving machine-recognizable information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2025\/591","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T08:10:40Z","timestamp":1758269440000},"page":"5307-5317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Human-Imperceptible, Machine-Recognizable Images"],"prefix":"10.24963","author":[{"given":"Fusheng","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengxiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yikai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuxiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dacheng","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10584","event":{"name":"Thirty-Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-25}","theme":"Artificial Intelligence","location":"Montreal, Canada","acronym":"IJCAI-2025","number":"34","sponsor":["International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization (IJCAI)"],"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]}},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T11:34:30Z","timestamp":1758627270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijcai.org\/proceedings\/2025\/591"}},"subtitle":[],"proceedings-subject":"Artificial Intelligence Research Articles","short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2025\/591","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}}}