{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:26:35Z","timestamp":1792301195552,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]],"date-time":"2000-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":973036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Rhinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, the role of various cytokines in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis has come under investigation. Various studies have reported increased levels of interleukin-3, interleukin-4, interleukin-5, interleukin-13, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in the sinonasal mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. The present study investigated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), interleukin-5 (IL-5), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), in the sinonasal mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, and evaluated the response of these cytokines to oral corticosteroids. Chronic rhinosinusitis subjects (n = 15) and control subjects (n = 9) underwent nasal endoscopy and biopsy of the sinonasal mucosa. Chronic rhinosinusitis subjects were subsequently treated with a 10-day tapering dose of prednisone followed by a second sinonasal endoscopic exam and biopsy. Mucosal biopsy specimens were immunostained for IL-1\u03b2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-\u03b1. In chronic rhinosinusitis subjects, mucosal levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-\u03b1 were significantly elevated when compared with control subjects, and levels of IL-5 demonstrated a strong trend toward elevation. In posttreatment chronic rhinosinusitis subjects, levels of IL-6 were significantly decreased when compared with pretreatment levels, and TNF-\u03b1 levels demonstrated a significant trend toward reduction. These findings support the hypothesis that the inflammatory response in chronic rhinosinusitis is associated with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and suggest that oral corticosteroids may exert a beneficial effect by significantly reducing the levels of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2500\/105065800779954329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,23]],"date-time":"2007-02-23T06:00:34Z","timestamp":1172210434000},"page":"367-374","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Interleukin-1\u03b2, Interleukin-5, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 in Chronic Sinusitis: Response to Systemic Corticosteroids"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Colleen M.","family":"Lennard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric 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