{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T22:17:15Z","timestamp":1769120235550,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Oceanside Publications Inc.","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["allergy asthma proc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>Ocular allergies affect an estimated 40% of the population, 98% of which are because of allergic conjunctivitis and includes tear film dysfunction. With the current advent of both repurposed drugs for ocular allergies, as well as novel drugs, lubricants and methods of administration, there is a need to update new treatments to optimize the care of ocular allergy patients.<jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>An overview of mediators, clinical characteristics and management is provided in a summary format.<jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>Lubricants (best when refrigerated provide immediate relief that is short lived (several minutes) due to its dilutional effect on mediators and pollen in the tear film. Immediate and longer-term benefit occurs from different topical and oral medications \u2010 primarily histamine receptor agonists.<jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>The newest prescription topical ophthalmic histamine H1 receptor antagonist (an inverse agonist) to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the past 10 years (U.S. NDA approved May 30, 2017) is cetirizine ophthalmic solution for the treatment of ocular itching with allergic conjunctivitis in adults and in children more than 2 years old.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2020.41.200068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T05:00:37Z","timestamp":1603861237000},"page":"449-453","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Allergic inflammation of the anterior surface of the eye"],"prefix":"10.2500","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Leonard","family":"Bielory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Rutgers Center of Environmental Prediction, Rutgers University, Springfield, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1355","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.11.014","article-title":"ICON: Diagnosis and management of allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"124","author":"Bielory","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2014.35.3750","article-title":"Ocular and nasal allergy symptom burden in America: the Allergies, Immunotherapy, and RhinoconjunctivitiS (AIRS) surveys","volume":"35","author":"Bielory","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201801805R","article-title":"Dietary \u03c9-3 fatty acids alter the lipid mediator profile and alleviate allergic conjunctivitis without modulating Th2 immune 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Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S186092","article-title":"Safety of cetirizine ophthalmic solution 0.24% for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis in adult and pediatric subjects","volume":"13","author":"Malhotra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S185835","article-title":"Phase III trials examining the efficacy of cetirizine ophthalmic solution 0.24% compared to vehicle for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis in the conjunctival allergen challenge model","volume":"12","author":"Meier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Allergy and Asthma 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