{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T08:42:26Z","timestamp":1761986546470},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oceanside Publications Inc.","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["allergy asthma proc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Following its initial description in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, coronavirus-2 (COVID\u201019) has rapidly progressed into a worldwide pandemic, affecting millions of lives. Although every specialty of medicine has been affected, the field of allergy\/immunology\n holds a special place in the battle against this modern-day plague. Because of the specialized training in allergy and clinical immunology, and the familiarity with comorbid contributing conditions, the allergist\/immunologist is uniquely poised to play a major role both in the delivery of\n specialized therapeutic procedures and practices that can improve the health of patients with COVID-19 as well as in the use of forthcoming vaccines for the prevention of its spread.  <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> The purpose of this report is to examine the current body of evidence supporting\n the two phases of infection and inflammation that influence the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and to provide a classification of COVID-19 disease presentations and potential therapeutic targets with which the allergist\/immunologist has particular expertise.  <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> This article\n was based on a literature review of articles published in PubMed related to COVID-19 and the immune response, and the author\u2019s own research and clinical experiences in the field of immunology.  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Currently, the management of COVID-19 disease is being directed\n by a preventive strategy based on social distancing, quarantine, and facemasks to reduce the spread of the virus. Numerous clinical trials are being initiated to identify effective treatments for COVID-19 and are directed toward treatment of the two phases of infection and inflammation that\n influence the pathogenesis of COVID-19. An important resource for the allergist\/immunologist is the COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (COVID-19 TGP), a National Institutes of Health sponsored panel of U.S. physicians, statisticians, and other experts, which has developed a set of continuously\n updated treatment guidelines intended for clinicians caring for patients during the rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic.  <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> COVID-19 is unique among other infectious diseases because, in many cases, the host immune inflammatory response can cause greater harm to\n the individual who is infected than the pathogen itself. In this report, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the influence it has on COVID-19 presentations is reviewed, together with recommended potential therapeutic targets and treatment recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2020.41.200072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,15]],"date-time":"2020-08-15T01:06:05Z","timestamp":1597453565000},"page":"397-412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The role of the allergist\/immunologist in the COVID-19 pandemic: A Janus-faced presentation"],"prefix":"10.2500","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Bellanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology-Immunology; and International Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1355","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018","article-title":"The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review","volume":"78","author":"Nicola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S134300","article-title":"Asthma referrals: a key component of asthma management that needs to be addressed","volume":"10","author":"Price","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.04.007","article-title":"Achieving the Quadruple Aim to deliver value-based allergy care in an ever-evolving health care system","volume":"125","author":"Iglesia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2020.03.012","article-title":"COVID-19 illness in native and immunosuppressed states: a clinical-therapeutic staging proposal","volume":"39","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200678","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200678","article-title":"The many faces of the anti-COVID immune response","volume":"217","author":"Vardhana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"11","article-title":"The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9959","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103344","article-title":"Why does COVID-19 disproportionately affect older people?","volume":"12","author":"Mueller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.009","article-title":"Complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure","volume":"27","author":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)90443-0","article-title":"Immunological reactivity. 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