{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T07:46:27Z","timestamp":1782459987073,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Oceanside Publications Inc.","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["allergy asthma proc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Idiopathic anaphylaxis (IA) is a diagnosis of exclusion and is based on the inability to identify a causal relationship between a trigger and an anaphylactic event, despite a detailed patient history and careful diagnostic assessment. The prevalence of IA among\n the subset of people who experienced anaphylaxis is challenging to estimate and varies widely, from 10 to 60%; most commonly noted is \u223c20% in the adult anaphylactic population. Comorbid atopic conditions, such as food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma, are present in up to 48% of\n patients with IA. Improved diagnostic technologies and an increased understanding of conditions that manifest with symptoms associated with anaphylaxis have improved the ability to determine a more accurate diagnosis for patients who may have been initially diagnosed with IA.  <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n Literature search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar and Embase.  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Galactose-\u03b1-1,3-galactose (\u03b1-gal) allergy, mast cell disorders, and hereditary a-tryptasemia are a few differential diagnoses that should be considered in patients with IA. Unlike\n food allergy, when anaphylaxis occurs within minutes to 2 hours after allergen consumption, \u03b1-gal allergy is a 3\u20106-hour delayed immunoglobulin E\u2010mediated anaphylactic reaction to a carbohydrate epitope found in red meat (e.g., beef, lamb, pork). The more recently described\n hereditary \u03b1-tryptasemia is an inherited autosomal dominant genetic trait caused by increased germline copies of tryptase human gene alpha-beta 1 (TPSAB1), which encodes \u03b1 tryptase and is associated with elevated baseline serum tryptase. Acute management of IA consists of carrying\n an epinephrine autoinjector to be administered immediately at the first signs of anaphylaxis. Long-term management for IA with antihistamines and other agents aims to potentially reduce the frequency and severity of the anaphylactic reactions, although the evidence is limited. Biologics are\n potentially steroid-sparing for patients with IA; however, more research on IA therapies is needed.  <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The lack of diagnostic criteria, finite treatment options, and intricacies of making a differential diagnosis make IA challenging for patients and clinicians\n to manage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2021.42.210081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T20:07:14Z","timestamp":1638821234000},"page":"481-488","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Idiopathic anaphylaxis: Diagnosis and management"],"prefix":"10.2500","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Alyssa G.","family":"Burrows","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Allergy Research Unit, Kingston Health Sciences Center - KGH Site, Kingston, Ontario, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne K.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the 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