{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T13:16:21Z","timestamp":1784898981243,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oceanside Publications Inc.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["allergy asthma proc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nineteen U.S. allergen extracts were standardized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 1987 and 1998, including of two house-dust mites, short ragweed, cat hair and cat pelt, seven temperate and one southern grass, and six Hymenoptera venom preparations. Relevant literature\n was reviewed. For each allergen, a \u201crepresentative\u201d extract was established; the potency of each representative extract was determined by measurement of the total protein content (Hymenoptera venom), radial diffusion measurement of the dominant allergen (short ragweed and cat),\n or, if there was no dominant allergen, then by quantitative skin testing by using the ID<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>EAL (intradermal dilution for 50 mm sum of erythema determines the bioequivalent allergy units) method. In vitro tests were developed to allow the manufacturer to demonstrate that each lot\n of its extract was statistically identical, within defined limits, to the FDA reference extract. These tests included radial immunodiffusion, competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and isoelectric focusing. The standardized extracts offer the advantage of consistent potency from lot\n to lot for each manufacturer and also from manufacturer to manufacturer, and assure the presence of recognized significant allergens within the extract. Therefore, standardized extracts offer improved safety and efficacy over their nonstandardized predecessors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2022.43.220015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T04:31:26Z","timestamp":1657600286000},"page":"327-332","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Standardized allergen extracts for allergen immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.2500","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Harold S.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1355","reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"467","article-title":"Preparation and standardization of allergen extracts","volume-title":"In Middleton's Allergy Principles and Practice","author":"Bridgewater","year":"2020"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"1247","article-title":"Injection immunotherapy for inhalant allergens","volume-title":"In Middleton's Allergy Principles and Practice","volume":"2","author":"Nelson","year":"2020"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"1401","article-title":"Insect allergy","volume-title":"In Middleton's Allergy Principles and Practice","volume":"3","author":"Golden","year":"2020"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"29","article-title":"Allergen standardization and manufacturing","volume-title":"In Immunotherapies for Allergic Disease","author":"Esch","year":"2019"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.08.015","article-title":"Hymenoptera venom extracts in clinical practice","volume":"6","author":"Tracy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(82)90023-9","article-title":"A standardized quantitative skin-test assay of allergen potency and stability: studies on the allergen dose-response curve and effect of wheal, erythema and patient selection on assay results","volume":"70","author":"Turkeltaub","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14749","article-title":"Comparison of house dust mite sensitization profiles in allergic adults from Canada, Europe, South Africa and USA","volume":"76","author":"Muddaluru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"387","article-title":"The structure and function of allergens","volume-title":"In Middleton's Allergy Principles and Practice","author":"Stewart","year":"2020"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.12.640","article-title":"Component-resolved diagnostics in pet allergy: current perspectives and further directions","volume":"147","author":"Schoos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2013.08.008","article-title":"IgE and IgG binding patterns and T cell recognition of Fel d 1 and none-Fel d 1 cat allergens","volume":"1","author":"Hales","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.1.4.579","article-title":"Standardized allergen extracts: past, present and future","volume":"1","author":"Cox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1159\/000089188","article-title":"The spectrum of allergens in ragweed and mugwort pollen","volume":"138","author":"Wopfner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351208994-11","article-title":"Grass pollen allergens","volume-title":"In Allergens and Allergy Immunotherapy","author":"Esch","year":"2020"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000069013","article-title":"Characteristics and immunobiology of grass pollen allergens","volume":"130","author":"Andersson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(97)70016-2","article-title":"The use of standardized allergen extracts. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI)","volume":"99","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.09.034","article-title":"Allergen immunotherapy: a practice parameter third update","volume":"127","author":"Cox","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Allergy and Asthma Proceedings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/ocean\/aap\/2022\/00000043\/00000004\/art00015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T04:32:10Z","timestamp":1657600330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/10.2500\/aap.2022.43.220015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1088-5412(20220701)43:4L.327;1-"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2500\/aap.2022.43.220015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1088-5412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1088-5412","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}}}