{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:37:02Z","timestamp":1772120222854,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oceanside Publications Inc.","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["allergy asthma proc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Orally or sublingually administered lysates of mixed respiratory pathogenic bacteria have been used in Europe, Asia, and other parts of the world, but not the United States, since the mid 1950s, first to prevent recurrent respiratory tract infections, later to\n prevent wheezing and asthma exacerbations associated with respiratory infections, and, more recently, for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. The apparent success of this treatment contrasts with the negative experience of treating with injections of similar mixed respiratory bacterial vaccines\n (MRBV or BV) to prevent asthma exacerbations associated with respiratory infections that was once common practice but abandoned \u223c50 years ago.  <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Textbooks and articles on the use of injected BVs to prevent asthma exacerbations associated with respiratory infections\n were reviewed, including a number of, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled (RDBPC) studies the results of which were predominantly negative that contributed to the abandonment of this treatment. Also reviewed were more recent articles from Europe and China, which report both clinical\n and immunologic support for the use of the orally and sublingually administered mixed respiratory bacterial lysates (MRBL or BL).  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> A review of five RDBPC studies of the parenteral use of BVs for prevention of asthma exacerbations conducted by leading international\n allergists in the 1950s and 1960s showed, in a combined 532 patients, an overall reduction of asthma attacks by 4.9% over placebo. However, in five studies in 1126 patients of oral or sublingual treatment with BLs, the reduction in respiratory infections, wheezing episodes, and asthma exacerbations\n was 42.6% over placebo.  <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Reported results with oral and sublingual BLs are far superior to the historical performance of injected BVs. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed, but none is clearly responsible for the difference in clinical results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2022.43.220053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T04:30:51Z","timestamp":1667709051000},"page":"501-508","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The return of the mixed respiratory bacterial vaccine"],"prefix":"10.2500","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Harold S.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1355","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-010-0001-x","article-title":"OM-85 BV, an immunostimulant in pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Schaad","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190175","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0175-2019","article-title":"Bacterial lysate therapy for the prevention of wheezing episodes and asthma exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"de Boer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.518","article-title":"Effects of OM-85 BV in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"451","article-title":"Broncho-vaxom alleviates persistent allergic rhinitis in patients by improving Th1\/Th2 cytokine balance of nasal mucosa","volume":"57","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.08.025","article-title":"Polyvalent mechanical bacterial lysate administration improves the clinical course of grass pollen-induced allergic rhinitis in children: a randomized controlled trail","volume":"9","author":"Janeczek","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03090110033009","article-title":"Bacterial vaccine an infectious asthma","volume":"193","author":"Fontana","year":"1965","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688107400112","article-title":"Hyposensitization in asthma: a review","volume":"74","author":"Warner","year":"1981","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4945.941","article-title":"Autogenous bacterial vaccine in treatment of asthma","volume":"2","author":"Frankland","year":"1955","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.24.3.427","article-title":"Study of the value of bacterial vaccines in the treatment of bronchial asthma associated with respiratory infections","volume":"24","author":"Johnstone","year":"1959","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1959.tb02750.x","article-title":"Bacterial vaccines in the treatment of bronchial asthma","volume":"13","author":"Helander","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Allergol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8707(65)90032-8","article-title":"A double-blind study of the effects of bacterial vaccine on infective asthma","volume":"36","author":"Barr","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Allergy"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"541","article-title":"Treatment of allergic diseases: non-specific","volume-title":"Allergy in Practice","author":"Feinberg","year":"1946"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"729","article-title":"Clinical Bacterial Allergy","volume-title":"Practice of Allergy","author":"Black","year":"1948"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1963.tb03789.x","article-title":"\u201cBacterial allergy\u201d in childhood asthma and the effect of vaccine treatment","volume":"52","author":"Aas","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica (Stockh)"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1973.tb01326.x","article-title":"Bacterial vaccine in childhood asthma. 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