{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T08:42:45Z","timestamp":1761986565642,"version":"3.40.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oceanside Publications Inc.","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["allergy asthma proc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The long coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome includes a group of patients who, after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibit lingering mild-to-moderate symptoms and develop medical complications that can have\n lasting health problems.  <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> The purpose of this report was to examine the current body of evidence that deals with the relationship of COVID-19 infection with the long COVID syndrome to define the possible immunologic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of long\n COVID and to describe potential strategies for the diagnosis and clinical management of the condition.  <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Extensive research was conducted in medical literature data bases by applying terms such as long COVID, post\u2010COVID-19 condition, pathogenesis of long COVID,\n management of the long COVID syndrome.  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The post-COVID conditions, a more recent and less anxiety-inducing term for the patient than long COVID or \u201clong haul,\u201d is an umbrella term for a wide range of physical and mental health symptoms similar to those\n seen in patients with the myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS), experienced by some patients and are present \u2265 4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although the precise reason why long COVID develops is unknown, one of the major causes is thought to be related to chronic\n inflammation with overproduction of inflammatory cytokines responsible for the symptoms of the disorder.  <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Long COVID is a growing burden for millions of patients, health-care providers, and global health-care systems, and is a particular challenge for the allergist\/immunologist.\n Many survivors of COVID-19 struggle with multiple symptoms, increased disability, reduced function, and poor quality of life. The allergist\/immunologist can assist the total health-care team's efforts in providing a comprehensive and coordinated approach to the management of these patients\n by promoting comprehensive vaccination and rehabilitation and social services that focus on improving physical, mental, and social well-being, and by establishing partnerships with specialists and other health-care professionals who can provide behavioral, lifestyle, and integrative approaches\n that may have much to offer in helping patients cope with their symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2022.43.220059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T04:31:22Z","timestamp":1662438682000},"page":"368-374","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The long COVID syndrome: A conundrum for the allergist\/immunologist"],"prefix":"10.2500","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Bellanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pediatrics and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1355","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2022.43.220018","article-title":"Long COVID: a proposed hypothesis-driven model of viral persistence for the pathophysiology of the syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Buonsenso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","article-title":"WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on post-COVID-19 condition. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus","volume":"22","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B3"},{"key":"B4"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n132","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n132","article-title":"Decoding the unknowns in long covid","volume":"372","author":"Altmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-020-00196-8","article-title":"A public health perspective of aging: do hyper-inflammatory syndromes such as COVID-19, SARS, ARDS, cytokine storm syndrome, and post-ICU syndrome accelerate short- and long-term inflammaging?","volume":"17","author":"Bektas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22717","article-title":"A proposed framework and timeline of the spectrum of disease due to SARS-CoV-2 infection: illness beyond acute infection and public health implications","volume":"324","author":"Datta","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2022.103071","article-title":"The autonomic aspects of the post-COVID19 syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Dotan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746021","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.746021","article-title":"Persistence of SARS CoV-2 S1 protein in CD16+ monocytes in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) up to 15 months post-infection","volume":"12","author":"Patterson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02696-0","article-title":"Could SARS-CoV-2 spike protein be responsible for long-COVID syndrome?","volume":"59","author":"Theoharides","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007","article-title":"Adverse effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: the spike hypothesis","volume":"28","author":"Trougakos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"13591053221084494","article-title":"Long Covid at the crossroads: comparisons and lessons from the treatment of patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS)","author":"Hunt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57050418","article-title":"Long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS)\u2013a systemic review and comparison of clinical presentation and symptomatology","volume":"57","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2022.43.220045","article-title":"Salivary and serum IgA and IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2-spike protein following SARS-CoV-2 infection and after immunization with COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01058-1","article-title":"Human immune diversity: from evolution to modernity","volume":"22","author":"Liston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01721-6","article-title":"Antibody responses and correlates of protection in the general population after two doses of the ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccines","volume":"28","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15125","article-title":"Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response following vaccination with BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273","volume":"326","author":"Steensels","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26792","article-title":"A viral pandemic, vaccine safety, and compensation for adverse events","volume":"325","author":"Meissner","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S316708","article-title":"The conundrum of 'long-COVID-19': a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"The vaccine injury compensation program: addressing needs and improving practices"},{"first-page":"79190","article-title":"Fourth Amendment to the Declaration Under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for Medical Countermeasures Against COVID-19 and Republication of the Declaration","year":"2020","key":"B21"},{"key":"B22","article-title":"Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act of 2020"},{"key":"B23"}],"container-title":["Allergy and Asthma Proceedings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/ocean\/aap\/2022\/00000043\/00000005\/art00007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T04:34:24Z","timestamp":1742358864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/10.2500\/aap.2022.43.220059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1088-5412(20220901)43:5L.368;1-"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2500\/aap.2022.43.220059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1088-5412"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1088-5412"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}}}