{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:21:20Z","timestamp":1792714880782,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oceanside Publications Inc.","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["allergy asthma proc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunodeficiency disorders pose substantial burdens on the health-care system and the patients affected. Broadly, immunodeficiencies can be divided into primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDDs) and secondary immunodeficiency disorders. This review will focus on PIDDs. The overall\n prevalence for PIDDs is estimated to be \u223c1\u20102% of the population but may be underestimated due to underdiagnosis of these conditions. PIDDs affect males slightly more often than females. The mortality rates differ based on the specific condition but can be extremely high if the condition\n is left undiagnosed or untreated. The most common causes of death are infections, respiratory complications, and cancers (e.g., lymphoma). Comorbidities and complications include infection, chronic lung disease, granulomatous lymphocytic interstitial lung disease, and autoimmune disorders.\n The disease burden of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is estimated to be greater than patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PIDDs have a serious impact on the quality of life of the patients, including sleep disturbance, anxiety, and\n social participation as well as other psychosocial burdens associated with these disorders. The financial cost of PIDDs can be substantial, with the cost of untreated CVID estimated to be $111,053 per patient per year. Indirect costs include productivity loss and time lost due to infusion\n and hospital visits. Secondary immunodeficiency is not fully discussed in this review but likely contributes equally to the burden of overall immunodeficiency disorders. Management of patients with PIDDs should use a comprehensive approach, including medical, nursing, psychiatric, and quality\n of life, to improve the outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2024.45.240060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:31:59Z","timestamp":1726705919000},"page":"294-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Immunodeficiency: Burden of Illness"],"prefix":"10.2500","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Justin C.","family":"Hsueh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Van Hersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1355","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2020.1801422","article-title":"Global systematic review of primary immunodeficiency registries","volume":"16","author":"Abolhassani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01289-3","article-title":"Human inborn errors of immunity: 2022 update on the classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee","volume":"42","author":"Tangye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108359","article-title":"Cost and impact of early diagnosis in primary immunodeficiency disease: a literature review","volume":"213","author":"Elsink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-018-0290-5","article-title":"Primary immunodeficiency","volume":"14","author":"McCusker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-016-8784-z","article-title":"Primary immunodeficiencies worldwide: an updated overview from the Jeffrey Modell Centers Global Network","volume":"64","author":"Modell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4065\/84.1.16","article-title":"Incidence and temporal trends of primary immunodeficiency: a population-based cohort study","volume":"84","author":"Joshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-018-0941-0","article-title":"The burden of common variable immunodeficiency disorders: a retrospective analysis of the European Society for Immunodeficiency (ESID) Registry data","volume":"13","author":"Odnoletkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2012.07.005","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of primary antibody deficiency: a 20-year follow-up study","volume":"113","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"163","article-title":"Hypogammaglobulinaemia in the United Kingdom. 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