{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:02:28Z","timestamp":1790906548208,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oceanside Publications Inc.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["allergy asthma proc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Hypogammaglobulinemia during infancy (HI) is often transient, resolves with time, and typically does not associate with a specific immunologic deficiency. If hypogammaglobulinemia persists, then it may be secondary to an immunologic disorder and be associated\n with significant clinically diagnosed infections. When phenotyping HI, any implications of associated atopic dermatitis (AD) can be clinically helpful.\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical and immunologic differences between patients who have\n HI and AD versus those with AD alone or with HI alone.\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We conducted a retrospective record review of patients with AD, HI with AD (HIcAD), and HI only seen in a large academic practice. Patient characteristics, comorbidities, clinical, and laboratory parameters\n as well as immunoglobulin G (IgG) at the last follow-up were noted. If HI resolved, then the age of resolution was noted. Data were analyzed by using the \u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    test, Fisher exact test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Monte Carlo estimates, and Kaplan-Meier product-limit curves, as appropriate.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    There was no significant difference in age of presentation, gender at birth, or number or type of clinically diagnosed infections among the groups, but there was a significant difference in the levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE. More children in the HIcAD group had\n high IgE levels, significantly higher leukocyte counts, eosinophil counts, T and B cell numbers, and severe AD, and resolved HI in the study period than in the HI-only group.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Analysis of our findings suggests that infants with HIcAD are more likely to have severe\n AD, to resolve hypogammaglobulinemia, and to have immunologic dysregulation without increased clinically diagnosed infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2026.47.250094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T04:35:38Z","timestamp":1773722138000},"page":"133-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hypogammaglobulinemia during infancy and atopic dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.2500","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Griffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Northwell, New Hyde Park, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Fishbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, Office of Academic Affairs, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trey","family":"Wetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell, Hempstead, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Puglisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Punita","family":"Ponda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Northwell, New Hyde Park, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1355","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13784","article-title":"The epidemiology of eczema in children and adults in England: a population-based study using primary care data","volume":"51","author":"de Lusignan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2024.45.240052","article-title":"Primary antibody deficiencies","volume":"45","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2011.01477.x","article-title":"Severe atopic dermatitis and transient hypogammaglobulinemia in children","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Severe atopic dermatitis associated with hypogammaglobulinemia"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"224","article-title":"Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy with no evidence of immunodeficiency other than atopic dermatitis: a case report and review of literature","volume":"198","author":"Minowa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-018-0941-0","article-title":"The burden of common variable immunodeficiency disorders: a retrospective analysis of the European Society for Immunodeficiency (ESID) registry data","volume":"13","author":"Odnoletkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy in: uptodate. transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy","author":"Roifman","year":"2025"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"407","article-title":"Immunology and allergy","volume-title":"The Harriet Lane Handbook: A Manual for Pediatric House Officers","author":"Snyder","year":"2018"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000895","article-title":"The eczema area and severity index\u2014a practical guide","volume":"33","author":"Hanifin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.01.037","article-title":"Inborn error of immunity or atopic dermatitis: when to be concerned and how to investigate","volume":"9","author":"Stadler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2014.06.025","article-title":"Relationship between hypogammaglobulinemia and severity of atopic dermatitis","volume":"113","author":"Celiksoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2011.3.2.89","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for moderate to severe childhood atopic dermatitis","volume":"3","author":"Jee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2500\/ar.2016.7.0164","article-title":"Transient hypogammaglobulinemia and severe atopic dermatitis: open-label treatment with immunoglobulin in a case series","volume":"7","author":"Breslin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy Rhinol (Providence)"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2011.01654.x","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin to treat severe atopic dermatitis in children: a case series","volume":"29","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1089\/ped.2013.0241","article-title":"The relationship between low serum immunoglobulin levels and severity of atopic dermatitis in young children","volume":"26","author":"Toyran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"106","article-title":"Severe protein loss in a 6-month-old exclusively breastfed infant with atopic dermatitis","volume":"30","author":"Ma\u0161i\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Croat"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"18","article-title":"Hyperaldosteronemia and hypogammaglobulinemia secondary to atopic dermatitis-induced exudation in an infant presenting with growth failure","volume":"32","author":"Shinagawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tokai J Exp Clin Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.11.009","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis (eczema) guidelines: 2023 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology\/American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters GRADE- and Institute of Medicine-based recommendations","volume":"132","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396320666230912103136","article-title":"Biological therapies for pediatric atopic dermatitis - a review","volume":"20","author":"Milano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02755-z","article-title":"Summary of research: an anti-OX40 antibody to treat moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2b study","volume":"41","author":"Guttman-Yassky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2024.01.011","article-title":"Adding fuel to the fire? The skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis","volume":"144","author":"Saheb Kashaf","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"592","article-title":"Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy: predictive factors for late recovery","volume":"57","author":"S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-013-9937-7","article-title":"Phenotypic parameters predict time to normalization in infants with hypogammaglobulinemia","volume":"33","author":"Van Winkle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Allergy and Asthma Proceedings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/ocean\/aap\/2026\/00000047\/00000002\/art00010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T04:32:52Z","timestamp":1775536372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/10.2500\/aap.2026.47.250094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1088-5412(20260301)47:2L.133;1-"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2500\/aap.2026.47.250094","relation":{},"ISSN":["1088-5412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1088-5412","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}}}