{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:30:11Z","timestamp":1777386611318,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,1]],"date-time":"2007-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Rhinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) may cover different disease entities, and the pathogenic mechanism remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of chloride channel protein CLC-2 and CLC-3 in CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and evaluate the roles of interleukin (IL)-4 and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta in the up-regulation of CLC-2 and CLC-3. We detected expression of CLC-2 and CLC-3 in 17 patients with CRSsNP by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and we examined the concentration of TGF-beta, IL-4, IL-5, and interferon (IFN) \u03b3 in ethmoid sinus mucosa by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that CLC-2 and CLC-3 is up-regulated in CRSnNP and located in submucosal glands and epithelium of the ethmoid sinus. CLC-2 and CLC-3 mRNA correlated with IL-4 in CRSsNP (r = 0.57 and 0.65; p &lt; 0.05). CLC-2 and CLC-3 mRNA correlated negatively with mucosal TGF-beta in CRSsNP (r = -0.49 and -0.54; p &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We concluded that CLC-2 and CLC-3 is up-regulated in ethmoid mucosa and may affect the development of CRSsNP. TGF-beta and IL-4 may modulate the expression of CLC-2 and CLC-3 in CRSsNP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2007.21.3045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,21]],"date-time":"2007-08-21T20:05:21Z","timestamp":1187726721000},"page":"389-394","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Possible Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta and Interleukin-4 in the Up-Regulation of CLC-2 and CLC-3 in Chronic Rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Huabin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, and Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, and Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck\/Thoracic Medical Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, and Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 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