{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:04:45Z","timestamp":1777385085931,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Rhinol\ufffdAllergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of cytosine-phosphate-guanosine-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) or immunostimulatory sequences (ISSs) in the treatment of airway diseases is gaining interest. Binding of the CpG-ODN ligand to Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) triggers a shift from a Th2- to a Th1-type response in the target tissue. In this study, we explored the potential use of CpG-ODN to dampen the predominantly Th2-driven chronic inflammatory state in our cohort of patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An in vitro explant model comprising of sinonasal tissue from patients with asthma (n = 12) and without asthma (n = 11) were stimulated with CpG-ODN or Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) or CpG-ODN in combination with SEBfor 48 hours. Ten of the 12 asthma patients had nasal polyps. RNA was extracted for multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis and the 2\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        \u2212delta deltaC\n                        <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      method used to determine interleukin (IL)-5, p35 IL-12, interferon (IFN) gamma, and TLR9 expression levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CpG-ODN significantly reduced IL-5 mRNA expression in patients without asthma (p = 0.0379) but not in the asthma-associated group. SEB alone caused an increase in IL-5 levels that could be dampened when CpG-ODN was added in combination with SEB. Significant differences in mean IL-5 expression levels between the asthmatic and nonasthmatic categories were detected (Welch t-test;\n                      <jats:sup>**<\/jats:sup>\n                      p = 0.0041). Asthmatic and nonasthmatic patients present as two distinct categories as reflected by significant differences in their IL-5 response to CpG-ODN (F = 11.93;\n                      <jats:sup>***<\/jats:sup>\n                      p = 0.0008), SEB (F = 41.34;\n                      <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>\n                      p = 0.0476) and CpG-ODN with SEB (F = 13.2;\n                      <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>\n                      p = 0.0114). In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the expression levels of IL-12, IFN-gamma, and TLR9.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Localized application of CpG-ODN on its own or in combination with SEB may potentially reduce the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-5 in nonasthmatic patients and may be further developed as an immunotherapeutic agent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2009.23.3279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,10]],"date-time":"2010-02-10T20:34:00Z","timestamp":1265834040000},"page":"123-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Immunomodulatory Effect of Cytosine-Phosphate-Guanosine (CPG)-Oligonucleotides in Nonasthmatic Chronic Rhinosinusitis: An Explant Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Lorwai","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trisha J.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Hatzirodos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonie M.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enghooi","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter-John","family":"Wormald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-ajra.2009.23.3279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.09.029"},{"key":"bibr2-ajra.2009.23.3279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000224547.14519.ad"},{"key":"bibr3-ajra.2009.23.3279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8561(03)00104-8"},{"key":"bibr4-ajra.2009.23.3279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2004.10.4.310"},{"key":"bibr5-ajra.2009.23.3279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.08.009"},{"key":"bibr6-ajra.2009.23.3279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2059"},{"key":"bibr7-ajra.2009.23.3279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)00048-5"},{"key":"bibr8-ajra.2009.23.3279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2003.11.003"},{"key":"bibr9-ajra.2009.23.3279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2001.056005365.x"},{"key":"bibr10-ajra.2009.23.3279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7054","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.12.7054","volume":"161","author":"Broide 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