{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:12:27Z","timestamp":1777385547353,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Rhinol\ufffdAllergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retinoic acid\u2013inducible gene 1\u2013like receptors (RLRs) are a novel family of pattern recognition receptors that include retinoic acid\u2013inducible gene 1 (RIG-1), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA-5), and laboratory of genomics and physiology 2 (LGP-2). The knowledge of RLRs and their function in the human airway is limited. This study explores the role of RLRs in the upper respiratory tract.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tonsils, adenoids, nasal polyps, and biopsy specimens from the nasal mucosa were examined for the occurrence of the RIG-1, MDA-5, and LGP-2 using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line FaDu was cultured with the RIG-1\/MDA-5 ligand poly(I:C)\/LyoVec (Invivogen, San Diego, CA) and analyzed for cytokine release using ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RIG-1, MDA-5, and LGP-2 mRNA were found in all tissues tested. The airway epithelium appeared to be their most prominent location. The RIG-1 and MDA-5 mRNA levels were higher in nasal polyps than in normal nasal mucosa, a state that seemed to be reversed by local steroid treatment. Culture of FaDu with poly(I:C)\/LyoVec resulted in IL-6 and IL-8 release. No alteration in RLR expression in tonsils was seen on infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study shows the presence and functional activity of RLRs in the human upper airways. It also suggests a role for RLRs in nasal polyposis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2011.25.3712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]],"date-time":"2011-12-19T16:28:39Z","timestamp":1324312119000},"page":"e262-e267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Retinoic Acid\u2013inducible Gene 1\u2013like Receptors in the Upper Respiratory Tract"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jesper","family":"Bogefors","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Allergy Research, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Lund University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne M\u00e5nsson","family":"Kvarnhammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases, Department of 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