{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:13:19Z","timestamp":1777385599894,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Rhinol\ufffdAllergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>[6]-Gingerol is one of the major pungent principles of ginger and has diverse effects, including anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are released during the phenotypic transformation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, a process that is involved in the growth of nasal polyps by inducing extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of [6]-gingerol on myofibroblast differentiation and collagen production of nasal polyp\u2013derived fibroblasts (NPDFs) and to determine if the effect of [6]-gingerol is linked to an antioxidant effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NPDFs were incubated and treated with transforming growth factor (TGF) beta 1. The ROS generated by NPDFs were determined using 2\u2033,7\u2033-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate. The fluorescence was captured by a fluorescent microscope and measured using a fluorometer. The expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and collagen type IV mRNA was determined by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and the expression of \u03b1-SMA protein and pSmad2\/3 was determined by immunofluorescence microscopy and or Western blotting. The amount of total soluble collagen production was analyzed by the SirCol collagen dye-binding assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TGF-beta 1 stimulation increased ROS production by NPDFs. [6]-Gingerol decreased the production of ROS in TGF-beta 1\u2013induced NPDFs. Myofibroblast differentiation, collagen production, and phosphorylation of Smad2\/3 were prevented by [6]-gingerol and inhibition of ROS generation with antioxidant such as diphenyliodonium, N-acetylcysteine, and ebselen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest the possibility that [6]-gingerol may play an important role in inhibiting the production of the ECM in the development of nasal polyps through an antioxidant effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2012.26.3736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,2]],"date-time":"2012-04-02T15:58:52Z","timestamp":1333382332000},"page":"97-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of [6]-Gingerol on Myofibroblast Differentiation in Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1\u2013Induced Nasal polyp\u2013Derived Fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sook A.","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Il-Ho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung-Sun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"You-Mi","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tae Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang Hag","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heung-Man","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"},{"name":"Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-ajra.2012.26.3736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000164801300006326"},{"key":"bibr2-ajra.2012.26.3736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00130832-200302000-00001"},{"key":"bibr3-ajra.2012.26.3736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489850182945"},{"key":"bibr4-ajra.2012.26.3736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940911801007"},{"key":"bibr5-ajra.2012.26.3736","first-page":"144","volume":"63","author":"Sappino 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