{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T07:53:20Z","timestamp":1789977200904,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Rhinol\ufffdAllergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pathogenesis of human chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains controversial. Recent evidence has suggested that interleukin (IL)-9 is vital in eliciting inflammatory response, stimulating cell proliferation and preventing apoptosis, through binding to the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R). However, little is known about the roles of both molecules in the etiology of CRS. Therefore, this study aimed to assess IL-9 and IL-9R expression and determine their rolesin the pathophysiology of CRS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunohistochemistry was used to assess IL-9 and IL-9R immunolabeling. In addition, Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for IL-9 and IL-9R protein and mRNA level quantitation, respectively, in CRS and control subjects. Furthermore, the effects of various stimulators at different concentrations and time on IL-9 were evaluated using nasal explant cultures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IL-9 and IL-9R were overexpressed in CRS, especially in CRS with nasal polyps. Interestingly, IL-9 expression was closely related to that of IL-9R. In addition, IL-9 mRNA levels were increased by treatment with IL-4, IL-17A, IL-1beta, and the IL-4 and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1 combination, but suppressed by interferon gamma and IL-27.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IL-9 and IL-9R were overexpressed in CRS at both protein and mRNA levels. In addition, IL-4, IL-17A, IL-1beta, and the IL-4 and TGF-beta1 combination contributed to increased IL-9 levels. Our findings indicate that IL-9 may play a proinflammatory role after IL-9R binding to induce mucosal epithelial cell growth, gland epithelial cell proliferation, and inflammatory cell infiltration in CRS. Future studies are required to further define the role of IL-9 in CRS etiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2015.29.4136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T19:29:30Z","timestamp":1421263770000},"page":"e18-e23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Expression and Regulation of Interleukin-9 in Chronic Rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Hai","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuqing, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi-Sheng","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiong-Xiong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuqing, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuqing, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201308-1500ED"},{"key":"bibr2-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2013.27.3916"},{"key":"bibr3-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2013.27.3838"},{"key":"bibr4-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2013.27.3948"},{"key":"bibr5-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxt039"},{"key":"bibr6-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003049"},{"key":"bibr7-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040879"},{"key":"bibr8-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12028"},{"key":"bibr9-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.054"},{"key":"bibr10-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130071"},{"key":"bibr11-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051752"},{"key":"bibr12-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino50E2"},{"key":"bibr13-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/474203"},{"key":"bibr14-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03198.x"},{"key":"bibr15-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21208"},{"key":"bibr16-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2013.27.3960"},{"key":"bibr17-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01225.x"},{"key":"bibr18-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2012.26.3800"},{"key":"bibr19-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2011.25.3680"},{"key":"bibr20-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201005-036RN"},{"key":"bibr21-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1677"},{"key":"bibr22-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1659"},{"key":"bibr23-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.09.027"},{"key":"bibr24-ajra.2015.29.4136","first-page":"19","volume":"3","author":"Hauber H.P.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"bibr25-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02422.x"},{"key":"bibr26-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.9.3989","volume":"153","author":"Schmitt E.","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"bibr27-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031710"},{"key":"bibr28-ajra.2015.29.4136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.53"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Rhinology &amp; 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