{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:44:58Z","timestamp":1790282698494,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Rhinol\ufffdAllergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is reported to involve different inflammatory processes in sinonasal mucosa and bone tissue, and these processes remain uncharacterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of osteitis in Chinese patients with CRS to better understand the pathogenesis of CRS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study included 10 controls, 16 patients with CRSsNP, and 23 patients with CRSwNP. Ethmoid bone tissue samples were evaluated by histologic examination. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to assess expression of transforming growth factor (TGF) \u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      , TGF-\u03b2 receptor I and II, Smad\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and Smad\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Immunohistochemical examination of osteoblast expression of TGF-\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      , TGF-\u03b2 receptor I and II, phosphorylated (p) Smad\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and p-Smad\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      in ethmoid bone tissue was also performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The histopathologic evaluation of ethmoid sinus bone tissue showed that eosinophils had infiltrated the periosteum and induced TGF-\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      expression, periosteal thickening, increased osteoblast activity, and neo-osteogenesis. Messenger RNA levels of TGF-\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      , TGF-\u03b2 receptor I, and Smad\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      in CRSwNP ethmoid bone tissues were significantly higher than those in ethmoid bone tissues of patients with CRSsNP and the controls. Immunohistochemical staining showed that TGF-\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      , TGF-\u03b2 receptor I, p-Smad\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and p-Smad\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      protein expression was upregulated in patients with CRSwNP, consistent with the corresponding messenger RNA levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Different signaling pathways are involved in osteitis in CRS and are activated by the TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling pathway in CRSwNP versus the TGF-\u03b2\/Smad-independent signaling pathway in CRSsNP. Eosinophil infiltration of the periosteum, along with TGF-\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      expression, in CRSwNP indicates that eosinophils may play an important role in the bone remodeling process in CRSwNP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2015.29.4241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]],"date-time":"2015-08-12T00:01:48Z","timestamp":1439337708000},"page":"e152-e159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Differing Roles for TGF-\u03b2\/Smad Signaling in Osteitis in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with and without Nasal Polyps"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Mingjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenxiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunjiu","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunchuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, P.R. 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