{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:04:34Z","timestamp":1787241874656,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Rhinol\ufffdAllergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) leads to the production of antiallergen immunoglobulin (IgG) or \u201cblocking antibody\u201d in the serum and an increase in antiallergen IgG and IgA in nasal secretions. There is also a decrease in the usual rise in antiallergen IgE that occurs after the pollen season.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this paper, mechanisms of action of allergen immunotherapy is reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Regulatory T (Treg) cells and their cytokines, primarily interleukin (IL) 10 and transforming growth factor beta, suppress T-helper type 2 immune responses and control allergic diseases in many ways. AIT induces a shift in the proportion of IL-4\u2013secreting T-helper type 2 cells in favor of IL-10-secreting inducible Treg cells specific for the same allergenic epitope that increases in number and function. Different types of inducible Treg control several facets of allergic inflammation. There are two main types of immunotherapy: subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy. Subcutaneous immunotherapy is efficacious and is indicated for the reduction of seasonal symptoms. Sublingual immunotherapy involves the regular self-administration and retention of allergen extract under the tongue for 1\u20132 minutes before the extract is swallowed. The allergens cross the mucosa in 15\u201330 minutes and are then captured by tolerogenic dendritic cells and processed as small peptides. Next, via the lymphatic system, a systemic immune response is created to produce an early decrease in mast cell and basophil degranulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AIT is indicated for the treatment of moderate-to-severe intermittent or persistent symptoms of allergic rhinitis. AIT can be administered to those &gt;5 years of age and has been shown to be safe in children as young as 3 years of age. In this article, AIT and other types of immunotherapies were discussed as well as the indications for immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2016.30.4367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]],"date-time":"2016-09-12T22:26:28Z","timestamp":1473719188000},"page":"S1-S3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Mechanism of Action of Allergen Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Ethem","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Clinics, Bayindir I\u00e7erenk\u00f6y Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Ali Bafaqeeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, King Saud University, Riyadh-Saudi, Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selis G\u00fclseven","family":"G\u00fcven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tekirdag Corlu State Hospital, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erdem Atalay","family":"\u00c7etinkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Antalya Ataturk State Hospital, Antalya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuray Bayar","family":"Muluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zerrin Ozergin","family":"Co\u015fkun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Rize Research and Training Hospital, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Lopatin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, State Policlinic No. 1, Business Administration of the President of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Clinic, Specialist Kumluca State Hospital, Antalya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Ozgur","family":"Pinarbasli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cemal","family":"Cingi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-ajra.2016.30.4367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.09.034"},{"key":"bibr2-ajra.2016.30.4367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.04.047"},{"key":"bibr3-ajra.2016.30.4367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.049"},{"key":"bibr4-ajra.2016.30.4367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(89)90020-1"},{"key":"bibr5-ajra.2016.30.4367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(91)90134-A"},{"key":"bibr6-ajra.2016.30.4367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.01231.x"},{"key":"bibr7-ajra.2016.30.4367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(91)90244-I"},{"key":"bibr8-ajra.2016.30.4367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116633"},{"key":"bibr9-ajra.2016.30.4367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04148.x","volume":"161","author":"Maggi E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"bibr10-ajra.2016.30.4367","first-page":"90","volume-title":"Global Atlas of Allergy. 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