{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T13:33:45Z","timestamp":1776778425323,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oceanside Publications Inc.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD), characterized by intense pruritus, eczematous lesions, and a relapsing disease course, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects both children and adults. AD often begins in infancy and is associated with atopic diseases in the personal or family history.<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n Environmental factors may trigger AD by affecting the skin barrier and by triggering inflammation. The elicitation of T-helper type 2 cytokines further impairs the epidermal barrier and leads to the penetration of irritants and allergens into the epidermis and thereby perpetuating inflammation.\n The presence of AD and its severity has been shown to positively correlate with risk of developing food allergy (FA). Children with AD are estimated to be six times more likely to develop FA compared with their healthy peers. It has been reported that nearly 40% of children with moderate-to-severe\n AD have immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated FA compared with only 6% in the general population. Although analysis of experimental data has linked skin inflammation in AD to FA, with food challenges reproducing symptoms and avoidance diets improving AD, elimination diets are not known to cure AD\n and may have unfavorable consequences, such as loss of tolerance, which leads to immediate-type allergy, including anaphylaxis, nutritional deficiencies, growth failure, and reduction of quality of life for the patient and family. Exacerbation of AD can be inaccurately attributed to foods.\n Individuals with AD are often sensitized to foods with positive testing results, however, able to tolerate the food. In light of widespread ordering and commercial availability of serum specific IgE for FA, testing for FA is recommended only if, from a detailed clinical history, immediate-type\n allergic symptoms occur with ingestion of food, or in infants with AD who do not improve with optimal skin care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2500\/jfa.2020.2.200018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T04:40:03Z","timestamp":1598935203000},"page":"35-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Food allergy and atopic dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.2500","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Tina","family":"Banzon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Immunology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald Y.M.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynda C.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Immunology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1355","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1159\/000497383","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) update 2019","volume":"178","author":"Simon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-003-0928-0","article-title":"High prevalence of superantigens associated with the Egc locus in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with atopic eczema","volume":"22","author":"Mempel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2017.10.037","article-title":"The atopic march: critical evidence and clinical relevance","volume":"120","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70195-8","article-title":"Natural course of sensitization to food and inhalant allergens during the first 6 years of life","volume":"103","author":"Kulig","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.10.007","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis increases the effect of exposure to peanut antigen in dust on peanut sensitization and likely peanut allergy","volume":"135","author":"Brough","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013536","article-title":"Factors associated with the development of peanut allergy in childhood","volume":"348","author":"Lack","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.07.004","article-title":"Immunology of food allergy","volume":"47","author":"Tordesillas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"The nonlesional skin surface distinguishes atopic dermatitis with food allergy as a unique endotype","volume":"11:eaav2685","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.04.032","article-title":"Epidemiologic risks for food allergy","volume":"121","author":"Lack","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414850","article-title":"Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy","volume":"372","author":"Du Toit","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13104","article-title":"Are avoidance diets still warranted in children with atopic dermatitis?","volume":"31","author":"Eigenmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116711","article-title":"Presence of IgE antibodies to staphylococcal exotoxins on the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. 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