{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T09:51:36Z","timestamp":1786960296715,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Oceanside Publications Inc.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Food additives are naturally occurring or synthetic substances that are added to food to modify the color, taste, texture, stability, or other characteristics of foods. These additives are ubiquitous in the food that we consume on a daily basis and, therefore, have been the subject\n of much scrutiny about possible reactions. Despite these concerns, the overall prevalence of food additive reactions is 1\u20102%, with a minority of the wide variety of symptoms attributed to food-additive exposure being reproduced by double-blind placebo controlled challenges. Reactions\n can be broadly classified into either immunoglobulin E (IgE)- and non\u2010IgE-mediated reactions, with natural additives accounting for most IgE-mediated reactions, and both natural and synthetic additives being implicated in the non\u2010IgE-mediated reactions. Reactions that include\n asthma exacerbations, urticaria and\/or angioedema, or anaphylaxis with ingestion of a food additive are most deserving of further allergy evaluation. In this article, we discussed the different types of adverse reactions that have been described to various food additives. We also reviewed\n the specifics of how to evaluate and diagnose a food additive allergy in a clinic setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2500\/jfa.2021.3.210004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T04:39:10Z","timestamp":1619239150000},"page":"8-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Adverse reactions to food additives"],"prefix":"10.2500","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Justin","family":"Babbel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Wangberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Luskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1355","reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"329","article-title":"Hypersensitivity reactions to food additives","volume":"66","author":"Velazquez-Samano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Alerg Mex"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-015-0078-3","article-title":"Sensitivity to food additives, vaso-active amines and salicylates: a review of the evidence","volume":"5","author":"Skypala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Transl Allergy"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Food additive status list"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"315","article-title":"Intolerance to additives","volume":"51","author":"Collins-Williams","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)61010-1","article-title":"Adverse reactions to food additives","volume":"95","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1984.tb02194.x","article-title":"Oral tartrazine challenge in childhood asthma: effect on bronchial reactivity","volume":"14","author":"Hariparsad","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Allergy"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"80","article-title":"Hypersensitivity reactions to food and drug additives: problem or myth?","volume":"90","author":"Andreozzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118744185.ch28","article-title":"Urticaria, angioedema, and anaphylaxis provoked by food additives","author":"Bosso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Allergy"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-003-0014-9","article-title":"Adverse reactions to food additives","volume":"3","author":"Simon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118744185.ch27","article-title":"Asthma and food additives","author":"Bush","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Allergy"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"335","article-title":"Food allergy: adverse reactions to foods and food additives","volume":"4","author":"Sampson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20181408","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1408","article-title":"Food additives and child health","volume":"142","author":"Trasande","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00722.x","article-title":"Clinical relevance of food additives in adult patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"30","author":"Worm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1987.tb00386.x","article-title":"Hypersensitivity reactions to food additives","volume":"42","author":"Hannuksela","year":"1987","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92707-1","article-title":"Food allergy: how much in the mind? A clinical and psychiatric study of suspected food hypersensitivity","volume":"I","author":"Pearson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S1382-6689(97)10050-3","article-title":"Prevalence of intolerance to food additives","volume":"4","author":"Young","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39582.375336.BE","article-title":"Food additives and hyperactivity","volume":"336","author":"Kemp","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.10.015","article-title":"Meta-analysis of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives","volume":"51","author":"Nigg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.10.008","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: report of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel","volume":"126","author":"Boyce","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.1993.tb00080.x","article-title":"Prevalence of intolerance to food additives among Danish school children","volume":"4","author":"Fuglsang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719401300605","article-title":"Prevalence of food additive intolerance","volume":"13","author":"Madsen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.03.043","article-title":"Common food colorants and allergic reactions in children: myth or reality?","volume":"230","author":"Feketea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1994.tb00770.x","article-title":"Adverse reactions to food additives in children with atopic symptoms","volume":"49","author":"Fuglsang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"857292","article-title":"Traditional uses, chemical constituents, and biological activities of Bixa orellana L.: a review","volume":"2014","author":"de Araujo Vilar","year":"2014","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3181c5be33","article-title":"An allergy to goldfish? Highlighting the labeling laws for food additives","volume":"2","author":"Myles","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2016.07.001","article-title":"Annatto seed hypersensitivity in a pediatric patient","volume":"117","author":"Ramsey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"129","article-title":"Anaphylaxis to annatoo dye: a case report","volume":"66","author":"Nish","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux035","article-title":"Revisiting the safety of aspartame","volume":"75","author":"Choudhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7469.755","article-title":"Aspartame and its effects on health","volume":"329","author":"Lean","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.051417","article-title":"Soft drinks, aspartame, and the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease","volume":"96","author":"Aune","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(93)90075-Q","article-title":"Aspartame is no more likely than placebo to cause urticaria\/angioedema: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study","volume":"92","author":"Geha","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1989.hed2902090.x","article-title":"Aspartame as a dietary trigger of headache","volume":"29","author":"Lipton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/0260106016688699","article-title":"Effect of exclusion of frequently consumed dietary triggers in a cohort of children with chronic primary headache","volume":"23","author":"Taheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Health"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(00)00042-9","article-title":"Intake of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene and stomach cancer risk: results from analyses in the Netherlands Cohort Study","volume":"38","author":"Botterweck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"pt 1","key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(05)80214-3","article-title":"Chronic urticaria exacerbated by the antioxidant food preservatives, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)","volume":"86","author":"Goodman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"65","article-title":"Asthma and allergy due to carmine dye","volume":"26","author":"Tabar","year":"2003","journal-title":"An Sist Sanit Navar"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2018.02.012","article-title":"Cochineal dye-induced immediate allergy: review of Japanese cases and proposed new diagnostic chart","volume":"67","author":"Takeo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000354","article-title":"Carmine red: a potentially overlooked allergen in children","volume":"29","author":"Machler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03998.x","article-title":"Occupational asthma and food allergy due to carmine","volume":"53","author":"Acero","year":"1998","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2001.00693.x","article-title":"Identification of carmine allergens among three carmine allergy patients","volume":"56","author":"Chung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.51","article-title":"Carmine (E-120)-induced occupational asthma revisited","volume":"111","author":"Tabar-Purroy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91083-9","article-title":"Campari-orange anaphylaxis due to carmine allergy","volume":"344","author":"Kagi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)63035-9","article-title":"Popsicle-induced anaphylaxis due to carmine dye allergy","volume":"79","author":"Baldwin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13434","article-title":"Anaphylaxis due to carmine-containing foods induced by epicutaneous sensitization to red eye-liner","volume":"44","author":"Miyakawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000218121","article-title":"Allergy to carmine red (E120) is not dependent on concurrent mite allergy","volume":"150","author":"Liippo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.01.067","article-title":"Carrageenan: a natural seaweed polysaccharide and its applications","volume":"105","author":"Prajapati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.09.395","article-title":"A case of carrageenan allergy in a pediatric patient","volume":"121","author":"Kular","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"pt 1","key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(95)70091-9","article-title":"Anaphylaxis to carrageenan: a pseudo-latex allergy","volume":"95","author":"Tarlo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8654-1","article-title":"Erythritol as sweetener-wherefrom and whereto?","volume":"102","author":"Regnat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2000.tb02143.x","article-title":"A case of allergic urticaria caused by erythritol","volume":"27","author":"Hino","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.118131","article-title":"Allergic reactions after ingestion of erythritol-containing foods and beverages","volume":"108","author":"Yunginger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B52","first-page":"1534","article-title":"Case of 5 year-old boy with anaphylaxis due to erythritol with negative prick test and positive intradermal test","volume":"62","author":"Kurihara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arerugi"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.889652","article-title":"Food colors: existing and emerging food safety concerns","volume":"57","author":"Oplatowska-Stachowiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.09.026","article-title":"Health safety issues of synthetic food colorants","volume":"73","author":"Amchova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B55","first-page":"CD000460","article-title":"Tartrazine exclusion for allergic asthma","volume":"2001","author":"Ardern","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B56","first-page":"719","article-title":"Allergic reactions due to F D and C yellow no. 5, tartrazine, an aniline dye used as a coloring and identifying agent in various steroids","volume":"17","author":"Lockey","year":"1959","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(75)90092-5","article-title":"Aspirin intolerance. III. Subtypes, familial occurrence, and cross-reactivity with tartarazine","volume":"56","author":"Settipane","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B58","article-title":"The Management of Childhood Asthma","author":"Speer","year":"1958"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8707(67)90076-7","article-title":"Concerning the nature of intolerance to aspirin","volume":"40","author":"Samter","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Allergy"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1977.tb01471.x","article-title":"Asthma induced by sulphur dioxide, benzoate and tartrazine contained in orange drinks","volume":"7","author":"Freedman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Allergy"},{"issue":"pt 1","key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(79)90059-9","article-title":"Aspirin and concomitant idiosyncrasies in adult asthmatic patients","volume":"64","author":"Spector","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.1992.tb00054.x","article-title":"Pulmonary reactions to tartrazine","volume":"3","author":"Stevenson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.6.709","article-title":"Tartrazine in atopic eczema","volume":"67","author":"Devlin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90423-X","article-title":"Artificial food additive intolerance in patients with angio-oedema and urticaria","volume":"II","author":"Supramaniam","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1989.tb02382.x","article-title":"A double-blind assessment of additive intolerance in children using a 12 day challenge period at home","volume":"19","author":"Wilson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2003.01825.x","article-title":"Suspected tartrazine-induced acute urticaria\/angioedema is only rarely reproducible by oral rechallenge","volume":"33","author":"Nettis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2013.10.002","article-title":"Prevalence of sensitivity to food and drug additives in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria","volume":"2","author":"Rajan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1264361","article-title":"Gelatin controversies in food, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products: authentication methods, current status, and future challenges","volume":"58","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.03.011","article-title":"Potential food allergens in medications","volume":"133","author":"Kelso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.02.038","article-title":"Relationship between red meat allergy and sensitization to gelatin and galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose","volume":"129","author":"Mullins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-011-0522-x","article-title":"Guar gum: processing, properties and food applications\u2013a review","volume":"51","author":"Mudgil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390600846267","article-title":"Guar gum: a miracle therapy for hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia and obesity","volume":"47","author":"Butt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.00589.x","article-title":"Severe contact urticaria to guar gum included as gelling agent in a local anaesthetic","volume":"52","author":"Roesch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01369.x","article-title":"Anaphylactic shock to guar gum (food additive E412) contained in a meal substitute","volume":"62","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2979-3","article-title":"Biotechnological production of mannitol and its applications","volume":"89","author":"Saha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B76","first-page":"99","article-title":"Immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction to Mannitol as drug excipient (E421): a case report","volume":"47","author":"Calogiuri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03221.x","article-title":"Monosodium glutamate \u201callergy\u201d: menace or myth?","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B78","first-page":"273","article-title":"Extensive use of monosodium glutamate: a threat to public health?","volume":"17","author":"Niaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"EXCLI J"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7599.2006.00160.x","article-title":"Reconsidering the effects of monosodium glutamate: a literature review","volume":"18","author":"Freeman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Nurse Pract"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(86)80869-1","article-title":"Chinese restaurant syndrome: a review","volume":"15","author":"Zautcke","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.198327","article-title":"Chinese restaurant syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Bawaskar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400286","article-title":"Nitrate and nitrite in the diet: how to assess their benefit and risk for human health","volume":"59","author":"Habermeyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2018.06.013","article-title":"Mechanisms of the bactericidal effects of nitrate and nitrite in cured meats","volume":"145","author":"Majou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62438-6","article-title":"Nitrate anaphylaxis","volume":"85","author":"Hawkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000429","article-title":"Parabens","volume":"30","author":"Fransway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200401700215","article-title":"Asthma worsened by benzoate contained in some antiasthmatic drugs","volume":"17","author":"Balatsinou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810152630729","article-title":"Final report on the safety assessment of benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, and sodium benzoate","volume":"20","author":"Nair","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.00979.x","article-title":"Increased leukotriene production by food additives in patients with atopic dermatitis and proven food intolerance","volume":"31","author":"Worm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B89","first-page":"106","article-title":"Aspirin-induced asthma as an important type of bronchial asthma","volume":"33","author":"Sakakibara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/2327-6924.12447","article-title":"Fiber supplements and clinically proven health benefits: how to recognize and recommend an effective fiber therapy","volume":"29","author":"Lambeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Nurse Pract"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.04.041","article-title":"Satiety effects of psyllium in healthy volunteers","volume":"105","author":"Brum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2500\/108854190778879828","article-title":"Psyllium anaphylaxis","volume":"11","author":"Sussman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Allergy Proc"},{"key":"B93","first-page":"490","article-title":"Psyllium hypersensitivity","volume":"73","author":"Freeman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.02.042","article-title":"Comparison and optimization of three commercial methods with an LC-MS\/MS method for the determination of sulfites in food and beverages","volume":"286","author":"Carlos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0186629","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186629","article-title":"Sulfites inhibit the growth of four species of beneficial gut bacteria at concentrations regarded as safe for food","volume":"12","author":"Irwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.8.1806","article-title":"Sulfites\u2013a food and drug administration review of recalls and reported adverse events","volume":"67","author":"Timbo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"B97","first-page":"353","article-title":"Sulfite","volume-title":"Food Allergy: Adverse Reactions to Foods and Food Additives","author":"Dean","year":"2007"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.52.1.145a","article-title":"Sulfur dioxide, a respiratory tract irritant, even if ingested","volume":"52","author":"Kochen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-0971(80)90023-6","article-title":"Sulphur dioxide in foods and beverages: its use as a preservative and its effect on asthma","volume":"74","author":"Freedman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Dis Chest"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(81)90119-6","article-title":"Sensitivity to ingested metabisulfites in asthmatic subjects","volume":"68","author":"Stevenson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B101","article-title":"Testing and challenge procedures to evaluate allergic and asthmatic reactions to food additives","author":"Simon"},{"key":"B102","first-page":"16","article-title":"Adverse reactions to the sulphite additives","volume":"5","author":"Vally","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(86)90031-X","article-title":"Positive skin tests and Prausnitz-Kustner reactions in metabisulfite-sensitive subjects","volume":"78","author":"Yang","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02914443","article-title":"Diagnosis of sulfite and aspirin sensitivity","volume":"8","author":"Bush","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy"},{"key":"B105","article-title":"Sulfite oxidase deficiency and cobalamin protection in sulfite-sensitive asthmatics (SSA)","volume":"73","author":"Jacobsen","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2007.11.001","article-title":"Phthalates and children\u2019s health","volume":"38","author":"Sathyanarayana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.05.013","article-title":"Food allergy: a practice parameter update-2014","volume":"134","author":"Sampson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030157","article-title":"Diagnosing and treating intolerance to carbohydrates in children","volume":"8","author":"Berni Canani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.02079.x","article-title":"Anaphylaxis to excipient mannitol: evidence for an immunoglobulin E-mediated mechanism","volume":"34","author":"Hegde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"pt 1","key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(97)70266-5","article-title":"Occupational asthma induced by garlic dust","volume":"100","author":"Anibarro","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.03.042","article-title":"Work Group report: oral food challenge testing","volume":"123","author":"Nowak-Wegrzyn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B112","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Allergy diagnostic testing: an updated practice parameter","volume":"100","author":"Bernstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(88)90135-2","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) as an office procedure: a manual","volume":"82","author":"Bock","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.06.038","article-title":"Food challenges","volume":"141","author":"Ballmer-Weber","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.08.028","article-title":"Food allergy","volume":"125","author":"Sicherer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"pt 2","key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(84)90116-7","article-title":"Adverse reactions to drug additives","volume":"74","author":"Simon","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B117","article-title":"Organization WH","year":"2020","journal-title":"WHO | JECFA"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(79)90080-0","article-title":"Incidence of bronchoconstriction due to aspirin, azo dyes, non-azo dyes, and preservatives in a population of perennial asthmatics","volume":"64","author":"Weber","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B119","first-page":"198","article-title":"Sensitization to food additives in patients with allergy: a study based on skin test and open oral challenge","volume":"15","author":"Moghtaderi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0392","article-title":"Behavioural conditioning as the mediator of placebo responses in the immune system","volume":"366","author":"Vits","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.100","article-title":"Psychosomatic peanut allergy","volume":"111","author":"Kelso","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02102.x","article-title":"Allergy for cheese: evidence for an IgE-mediated reaction from the natural dye annatto","volume":"64","author":"Ebo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(95)70330-6","article-title":"Aspartame-induced hives","volume":"95","author":"Kulczycki","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B124","first-page":"133","article-title":"Occupational asthma induced by inhaled carmine among butchers","volume":"16","author":"Anibarro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"B125","first-page":"232","article-title":"New risks from ancient food dyes: cochineal red allergy","volume":"46","author":"Voltolini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60146-9","article-title":"Carmine dye and cochineal extract: hidden allergens no more","volume":"103","author":"Greenhawt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B127","first-page":"77","article-title":"Urticaria and angioedema due to ingestion of carob gum: a case report","volume":"21","author":"Alarcon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60926-X","article-title":"Food allergy: a practice parameter","volume":"96","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2332\/allergolint.12-LE-0517","article-title":"Bitter sweet: a child case of erythritol-induced anaphylaxis","volume":"62","author":"Shirao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.04.003","article-title":"Adverse reactions to vaccines practice parameter 2012 update","volume":"130","author":"Kelso","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(90)90199-E","article-title":"Occupational asthma caused by guar gum","volume":"85","author":"Lagier","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.110794","article-title":"Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-challenge evaluation of reported reactions to monosodium glutamate","volume":"106","author":"Geha","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.4.1063S","article-title":"Additive-induced urticaria: experience with monosodium glutamate (MSG)","volume":"130","author":"Simon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(91)91438-Y","article-title":"An evaluation of clinical reactions to monosodium glutamate (MSG) in asthmatics using a blinded, placebo-controlled challenge","volume":"87","author":"Germano","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.126460","article-title":"An allergic reaction to erythropoietin secondary to polysorbate hypersensitivity","volume":"110","author":"Limaye","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.12.003","article-title":"Immediate hypersensitivity to polyethylene glycols and polysorbates: more common than we have recognized","volume":"7","author":"Stone","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B137","first-page":"17","article-title":"Immediate hypersensitivity to methylparaben causing false-positive results of local anesthetic skin testing or provocative dose testing","volume":"6","author":"Macy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"key":"B138","first-page":"1033","article-title":"Occupational asthma and IgE sensitization in a pharmaceutical company processing psyllium","volume":"135","author":"Bardy","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1984.tb01934.x","article-title":"Respiratory symptoms in ispaghula-allergic nurses after oral challenge with ispaghula suspension","volume":"39","author":"Machado","year":"1984","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"pt 2","key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(86)90011-4","article-title":"Adverse reactions to tartrazine","volume":"78","author":"Stevenson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(77)90077-X","article-title":"Aspirin and tartrazine oral challenge: incidence of adverse response in chronic childhood asthma","volume":"60","author":"Vedanthan","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(74)90086-4","article-title":"A case of episodic urticaria due to saccharin ingestion","volume":"53","author":"Miller","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B143","first-page":"121","article-title":"Skin prick test response to enzyme enolase of the baker\u2019s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in diagnosis of respiratory allergy","volume":"7","author":"Nittner-Marszalska","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1993.tb00704.x","article-title":"Skin prick test reactions to brewer\u2019s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in adult atopic dermatitis patients","volume":"48","author":"Kortekangas-Savolainen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Allergy"}],"container-title":["Journal of Food Allergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/ocean\/jfa\/2021\/00000003\/00000001\/art00003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T09:02:41Z","timestamp":1718010161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/10.2500\/jfa.2021.3.210004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["2689-0267(20210401)3:1L.8;1-"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2500\/jfa.2021.3.210004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2689-0267"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2689-0267","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}}}