{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:26:43Z","timestamp":1792628803930,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"S.C. JURNALUL PENTRU MEDICINA SI VIATA S.R.L","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMedLife"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) of varying severities are experiencing adverse outcomes during and after rehabilitation. Besides depression and anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly encountered in civilian and military populations. As more prospective and retrospective studies \u2013 focused on evaluating new or old psychological therapies in inpatient, outpatient, or controlled environments, targeting patients with PTSD with or without a history of TBI \u2013 are carried out, researchers are employing various scales to measure PTSD as well as other psychiatric diagnoses or cognitive impairments that might appear following TBI. We aimed to explore the literature published between January 2010 and October 2021 by querying three databases. Our preliminary results showed that several scales \u2013 such as the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Military Version (PCL-M) as well as Specific Version (PCL-S), and Civilian Version (PCL-C) \u2013 have been frequently used for PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity. However, heterogeneity in the scales used when assessing and evaluating additional psychiatric comorbidities and cognitive impairments are due to the study aim and therapeutic approaches. Therefore, conducting an intervention focusing on post-TBI PTSD patients requires increased attention to patients' medical history in capturing multiple cognitive impairments and affected neuropsychological processes when designing the study and including validated instruments for measuring primary and secondary neuropsychological outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2022-0120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T01:14:32Z","timestamp":1668647672000},"page":"436-442","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Evaluation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related comorbidities in clinical studies"],"prefix":"10.25122","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ioana Anamaria","family":"Mure\u0219anu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"1. RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"2. Department of Neurosciences, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Ioana Anamaria Mure\u0219anu, RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Romania. Department of Neurosciences, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. E-mail: ioana_ana_maria@yahoo.com","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Alecsandra","family":"Grad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"1. RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"3. Department of Public Health, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafin Fior","family":"Mure\u0219anu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"1. RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"2. Department of Neurosciences, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefana-Andrada","family":"Dobran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"1. RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elian","family":"Hapca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"1. RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"2. Department of Neurosciences, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0218tefan","family":"Strilciuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"1. RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"2. Department of Neurosciences, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Benedek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"1. RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"2. Department of Neurosciences, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Capri\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"1. RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan Ovidiu","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"4. Department of Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u0103cr\u0103mioara","family":"Perju-Dumbrav\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"2. Department of Neurosciences, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u0103zvan Mircea","family":"Chereche\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"1. RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"3. Department of Public Health, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10755","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Sandsmark DK. Clinical Outcomes after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotrauma 2016;16(6):52; doi: 10.1007\/s11910-016-0654-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0654-5"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Pretz C, Kowalski RG, Cuthbert JP, Whiteneck GG,\n                      et al.\n                      Return to productivity projections for individuals with moderate to severe TBI following inpatient rehabilitation: a NIDILRR TBIMS and CDC Interagency Collaboration. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation 2020; 35(2):140-151; doi: 10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000506.","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000506"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Bayen E, Jourdan C, Ghout I, Darnoux E,\n                      et al.\n                      Objective and subjective burden of informal caregivers 4 years after a severe traumatic brain injury: results from the PariS-TBI study. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation 2016; 31(5):E59-67; doi:10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000079.","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000079"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Van Deynse H, Van Belleghem G, Hubloue I, Lauwaert D,\n                      et al.\n                      The incremental hospitalization cost of significant transport-related traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2020;35(2):E144-55; doi: 10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000522.","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000522"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. 5. Global Burden of Disease Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurology. 2019;18(5):459-480; doi:10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Lange RT, Lippa SM, French LM, Bailie JM,\n                      et al.\n                      Long-term neurobehavioural symptom reporting following mild, moderate, severe, and penetrating traumatic brain injury in U.S. military service members. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. 2020; 30(9):1762-1785; doi: 10.1080\/09602011.2019.1604385.","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2019.1604385"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Lange RT, French LM, Lippa SM, Bailie JM, Brickell TA. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is a Stronger Predictor of Long-Term Neurobehavioral Outcomes Than Traumatic Brain Injury Severity. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2020; 33(3):318-329; doi: 10.1002\/jts.22480.","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22480"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Osborn AJ, Mathias JL, Fairweather-Schmidt AK. Prevalence of anxiety following adult traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis comparing measures, samples and postinjury intervals. Neuropsychology. 2016; 30(2):247-261; doi: 10.1037\/neu0000221.","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000221"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Fakhoury M, Shakkour Z, Kobeissy F, Lawand N. Depression following traumatic brain injury: a comprehensive overview. Reviews in Neurosciences. 2021; 32(3):289-303; doi: 10.1515\/revneuro-2020-0037.","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2020-0037"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Barker-Collo S, Theadom A, Ameratunga S, Jones K,\n                      et al.\n                      Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder in adults one year following traumatic brain injury: a population-based study. Brain Impairment 2013; 14(3):425-435; doi: 10.1017\/BrImp.2013.27.","DOI":"10.1017\/BrImp.2013.27"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington. DC: American Psychiatric Association 2013, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"12. North CS, Sur\u00eds AM, Smith RP, King RV. The evolution of PTSD criteria across editions of DSM. 28, 3. 2016 ; 28(3):197-208."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Benjet C,\n                      et al.\n                      Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. European Journal Psychotraumatology. 2017; 8(sup5):1353383; doi: 10.1080\/20008198.2017.1353383.","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1353383"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Loignon A, Ouellet MC, Belleville G. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on PTSD Following TBI Among Military\/Veteran and Civilian Populations. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 2020; 35(1):E21; doi: 10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000514.","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000514"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Kang HK, Natelson BH, Mahan CM, Lee KY, Murphy FM. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-like Illness among Gulf War Veterans: A Population-based Survey of 30,000 Veterans. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003;157(2):141-148; doi: 10.1093\/aje\/kwf187.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf187"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Kok BC, Herrell RK, Thomas JL, Hoge CW. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Associated With Combat Service in Iraq or Afghanistan: Reconciling Prevalence Differences Between Studies. The Journal of Nervous And Mental Disease. 2012; 200(5):444-450; doi: 10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3182532312.","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3182532312"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Tanev KS, Pentel KZ, Kredlow MA, Charney ME. PTSD and TBI co-morbidity: Scope, clinical presentation and treatment options. Brain Injury. 2014; 28(3):261-270; doi: 10.3109\/02699052.2013.873821.","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2013.873821"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Simonovi\u0107 MM, Radisavljevi\u0107 MM, Grbe\u0161a GB. Clinical presentation of the post-traumatic stress disorder with and without traumatic brain injuries. European Psychiatry 2011; 26(S2):1070-1070; doi: 10.1016\/S0924-9338(11)72775-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(11)72775-4"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Wallace DM, Shafazand S, Ramos AR, Carvalho DZ,\n                      et al.\n                      Insomnia characteristics and clinical correlates in Operation Enduring Freedom\/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury: An exploratory study. Sleep Medicine. 2011; 12(9):850-859; doi: 10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.06.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.06.004"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Cnossen MC, Scholten AC, Lingsma HF, Synnot A,\n                      et al.\n                      Predictors of Major Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2017; 29(3):206-224; doi: 10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.16090165.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.16090165"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Puetz TW, Youngstedt SD, Herring MP. Effects of Pharmacotherapy on Combat-Related PTSD, Anxiety, and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis. PloS one 2015; 10(5):e0126529; doi: 10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0126529.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126529"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Ahearn EP, Juergens T, Cordes T, Becker T, Krahn D. A review of atypical antipsychotic medications for post-traumatic stress disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 2011; 26(4):193-200; doi: 10.1097\/YIC.0b013e3283473738.","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e3283473738"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Mikoli\u0107 A, Polinder S, Retel Helmrich IRA, Haagsma JA, Cnossen MC. Treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with a history of traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2019; 73:101776; doi: 10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.101776.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.101776"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"24. Haider T, Dai CL, Sharma M. Efficacy of Meditation-Based Interventions on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Among Veterans: A Narrative Review. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine. 2021; 35(1):16-24."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Van Praag DLG, Cnossen MC, Polinder S, Wilson L, Maas AIR. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Civilian Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Rates. Journal of Neurotrauma 2019; 36(23):3220-3232; doi: 10.1089\/neu.2018.5759.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5759"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Chard KM, Schumm JA, McIlvain SM, Bailey GW, Parkinson RB. Exploring the efficacy of a residential treatment program incorporating cognitive processing therapy-cognitive for veterans with PTSD and traumatic brain injury. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2011; 24(3):347-351; doi: 10.1002\/jts.20644.","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20644"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Alvarez J, McLean C, Harris AHS, Rosen CS,\n                      et al.\n                      The comparative effectiveness of cognitive processing therapy for male veterans treated in a VHA post-traumatic stress disorder residential rehabilitation program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2011;79(5):590-599. doi: 10.1037\/a0024466.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024466"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Wolf GK, Strom TQ, Kehle SM, Eftekhari A. A Preliminary Examination of Prolonged Exposure Therapy With Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans With a Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Mild to Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2012;27(1):26-32; doi: 10.1097\/HTR.0b013e31823cd01f.","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e31823cd01f"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Walter KH, Kiefer SL, Chard KM. Relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and postconcussive symptom improvement after completion of a post-traumatic stress disorder\/traumatic brain injury residential treatment program. Rehabilitation Psychology. 2012; 57(1):13-7; doi: 10.1037\/a0026254.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026254"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Church D, Palmer-Hoffman J. TBI symptoms improve after PTSD remediation with emotional freedom techniques. Traumatology. 2014; 20(3), 172\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0099831","DOI":"10.1037\/h0099831"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Boyd B, Rodgers C, Aupperle R, Jak A. Case Report on the Effects of Cognitive Processing Therapy on Psychological, Neuropsychological, and Speech Symptoms in Comorbid PTSD and TBI. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2016; 23(2):173-183; doi: 10.1016\/j.cbpra.2015.10.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2015.10.001"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Wolf GK, Kretzmer T, Crawford E, Thors C,\n                      et al.\n                      Prolonged Exposure Therapy With Veterans and Active Duty Personnel Diagnosed With PTSD and Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2015; 28(4):339-347; doi: 10.1002\/jts.22029.","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22029"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Cole MA, Muir JJ, Gans JJ, Shin LM,\n                      et al.\n                      Simultaneous Treatment of Neurocognitive and Psychiatric Symptoms in Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and History of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction. Military Medicine. 2015; 180(9):956-63; doi: 10.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00581.","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00581"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Ragsdale KA, Voss Horrell SC. Effectiveness of Prolonged Exposure and Cognitive Processing Therapy for U.S. Veterans With a History of Traumatic Brain Injury Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2016; 29(5):474-477; doi: 10.1002\/jts.22130.","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22130"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Strom TQ, Wolf GK, Crawford E, Blahnik M, Kretzmer T. Implementing prolonged exposure for veterans with comorbid PTSD and traumatic brain injury: Two case studies. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2016; 23(2):148-161; doi: 10.1016\/j.cbpra.2015.03.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2015.03.003"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Ragsdale KA, Gramlich MA, Beidel DC, Neer SM,\n                      et al.\n                      Does Traumatic Brain Injury Attenuate the Exposure Therapy Process? Behavior Therapy. 2018 Jul;49(4):617-630; doi: 10.1016\/j.beth.2017.09.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2017.09.008"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Johnson RA, Albright DL, Marzolf JR, Bibbo JL,\n                      et al.\n                      Effects of therapeutic horseback riding on post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans. Military Medical Research. 2018 Jan 19; 5(1):3; doi: 10.1186\/s40779-018-0149-6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-018-0149-6"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38. Crocker LD, Jurick SM, Thomas KR,\n                      et al.\n                      Worse baseline executive functioning is associated with dropout and poorer response to trauma-focused treatment for veterans with PTSD and comorbid traumatic brain injury. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2018; 108:68-77; doi: 10.1016\/j.brat.2018.07.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.07.004"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Jak AJ, Jurick S, Crocker LD, Sanderson-Cimino M,\n                      et al.\n                      SMART-CPT for veterans with comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and history of traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2019; 90(3):333-341; doi: 10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319315.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319315"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. Roche L. An acceptance and commitment therapy-based intervention for PTSD following traumatic brain injury: a case study. Brain Injury. 2020; 34(2):290-297; doi: 10.1080\/02699052.2019.1683896.","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2019.1683896"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Elbogen EB, Dennis PA, Van Voorhees EE, Blakey SM,\n                      et al.\n                      Cognitive Rehabilitation With Mobile Technology and Social Support for Veterans With TBI and PTSD: A Randomized Clinical Trial. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2019; 34(1):1-10; doi: 10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000435.","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000435"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42. Tanev KS, Federico LE, Greenberg MS, Orr SP,\n                      et al.\n                      Baseline Cognitive Performance and Treatment Outcomes From Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Naturalistic Study. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2020; 32(3):286-293; doi: 10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.19020032.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.19020032"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"43. United States Census Bureau. Those Who Served: America's Veterans From World War II to the War on Terror; 2020; Available from: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/publications\/2020\/demo\/acs-43.html"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44. Hoppen TH, Morina N. The prevalence of PTSD and major depression in the global population of adult war survivors: a meta-analytically informed estimate in absolute numbers. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2019; 10(1):1578637; doi: 10.1080\/20008198.2019.1578637.","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1578637"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45. Weathers FW, Bovin MJ, Lee DJ, Sloan DM,\n                      et al.\n                      The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychological Assessment. 2018; 30(3):383-395; doi: 10.1037\/PAS0000486.","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000486"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46. Bryant RA, Creamer M, O'Donnell M, Silove D,\n                      et al.\n                      A comparison of the capacity of DSM-IV and DSM-5 acute stress disorder definitions to predict post-traumatic stress disorder and related disorders. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2015; 76(4):391-397; doi: 10.4088\/JCP.13m08731.","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08731"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47. Weathers FW, Marx BP, Friedman MJ, Schnurr PP. Post-traumatic stress disorder in DSM-5: New criteria, new measures, and implications for assessment. Psychological Injury and Law. 2014; 7(2), 93\u2013107; doi.org\/10.1007\/s12207-014-9191-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12207-014-9191-1"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"48. Elhai JD, Gray MJ, Kashdan TB, Franklin CL. Which instruments are most commonly used to assess traumatic event exposure and post-traumatic effects?: A survey of traumatic stress professionals. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2005;18(5):541-545. doi: 10.1002\/jts.20062.","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20062"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49. Wilkins KC, Lang AJ, Norman SB. Synthesis of the Psychometric Properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL) Military, Civilian, and Specific Versions. Depression and Anxiety. 2011; 28(7):596; doi: 101002\/DA.20837.","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20837"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"50. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1983 Jun;67(6):361-70. doi: 10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51. Dahm J, Wong D, Ponsford J. Validity of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in assessing depression and anxiety following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013;151(1):392-396; doi:10.1016\/j.jad.2013.06.011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.06.011"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52. Whelan-Goodinson R, Ponsford J, Sch\u00f6nberger M. Validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to assess depression and anxiety following traumatic brain injury as compared with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2009;114(1-3):94-102; doi: 10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.007"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53. Beck AT, Steer RA, Carbin MG. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review. 1988; 8(1):77-100; doi: 10.1016\/0272-7358(88)90050-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(88)90050-5"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"54. Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri W. Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1996; 67(3):588-97; doi: 10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55. Silva MA. Review of the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory. Rehabilitation Psychology. 2021;66(2):170-182. doi: 10.1037\/rep0000367.","DOI":"10.1037\/rep0000367"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56. King PR, Donnelly KT, Donnelly JP, Dunnam M,\n                      et al.\n                      Psychometric study of the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development. 2012; 49(6):879-88; doi: 10.1682\/jrrd.2011.03.0051.","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2011.03.0051"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"57. Porter KE, Stein MB, Martis B, Avallone KM,\n                      et al.\n                      Postconcussive symptoms (PCS) following combat-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Influence of TBI, PTSD, and depression on symptoms measured by the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI). Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2018; 102:8-13; doi: 10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.03.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.03.004"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"58. Swanson J. The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: A Review. Canadian Journal of School Psychology. 2005; 20(1-2):117-128; doi: 10.1177\/0829573506295469.","DOI":"10.1177\/0829573506295469"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59. Heled E, Hoofien D, Margalit D, Natovich R, Agranov E. The Delis\u2013Kaplan Executive Function System Sorting Test as an evaluative tool for executive functions after severe traumatic brain injury: A comparative study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2012;34(2):151-159; doi: 10.1080\/13803395.2011.625351.","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2011.625351"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"60. Strong CAH, Tiesma D, Donders J. Criterion Validity of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Fluency Subtests After Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2010;17(2):230-237; doi: 10.1017\/S1355617710001451.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710001451"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"61. Godfrey HP, Harnett MA, Knight RG, Marsh NV,\n                      et al.\n                      Assessing distress in caregivers of people with a traumatic brain injury (TBI): a psychometric study of the Head Injury Behaviour Scale. Brain Injury. 2003;17(5):427-435. doi: 10.1080\/0269905031000066201.","DOI":"10.1080\/0269905031000066201"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"62. Godfrey HP, Partridge FM, Knight RG, Bishara S. Course of insight disorder and emotional dysfunction following closed head injury: a controlled cross-sectional follow-up study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 1993;15(4):503-15. doi: 10.1080\/01688639308402574.","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639308402574"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medicine and Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/medandlife.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/JMedLife-15-436.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T01:15:04Z","timestamp":1668647704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medandlife.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/JMedLife-15-436.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["JMedLife-15-436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25122\/jml-2022-0120","relation":{},"ISSN":["1844-122X","1844-3117"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1844-122X","type":"print"},{"value":"1844-3117","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}}}