{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T15:28:28Z","timestamp":1771946908135,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"S.C. JURNALUL PENTRU MEDICINA SI VIATA S.R.L","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMedLife"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A tension-type headache (TTH) is a recurrent headache that is mild to moderate in intensity, unlike migraine (MH), which is accompanied by crippling effects of nausea, vomiting, photophobia, or phonophobia. TTH is more frequent than migraine, but it is less likely to cause severe pain and physical dysfunction. TTHs account for more lost workdays due to their prevalence. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, frequency, and disability of MHs and TTHs among the general population in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was employed using a validated questionnaire. The questionnaire implemented the HARDSHIP algorithm to diagnose MH and TTH and questions to correlate their prevalence to socio-demographic data, measurement of the level of disability, headache management, and treatment effectiveness using the chi-square test. The study reviewed 877 subjects (46.6% males <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 53.4% females). 52.9% of the participants experienced headaches during the previous three months, and 35.6% experienced headaches recently. The most common type of headache was a probable MH (32.1%), followed by a TTH (26.9%), probable TTH (19.5%), and MH (15%). It was reported that some disability was attributed to 47% of MHs and 26% of TTHs. The most commonly used headache medication was paracetamol (53.5%). This study revealed that TTH and MH are common illnesses in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Region. TTH and MH are correlated with significant individual and social burdens, particularly for MH. Headache sufferers mostly manage their headaches using conventional over-the-counter methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2022-0176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T05:26:23Z","timestamp":1683523583000},"page":"1371-1378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prevalence, frequency, and disability of migraine headaches and tension headaches among the general population in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.25122","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"AlBarqi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"AlDablan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"College of Medicine, King Faisal University, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulelah","family":"AlBahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"College of Medicine, King Faisal University, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"* Corresponding Author: Abdulelah AlBahr, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: mr.bahr22@gmail.com","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"AlAmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"College of Medicine, King Faisal University, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"AlNaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"College of Medicine, King Faisal University, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"AlNaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Almaqhawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10755","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Ziegler DK. Headache. Public health problem. Neurol Clin. 1990 Nov;8(4):781-91. doi:10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30316-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30316-5"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"2. Deborah SK, Katherine CH. Headache disorders, in pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach. In: Dipiro JP, Talbert RL, Yee JC, Matzke JR, Wells PG, Posey LM (eds) McGraw Hill. 2005;1105\u20131121"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Arnold M. Headache classification committee of the international headache society (IHS) the international classification of headache disorders 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1-211. doi:10.1177\/0333102417738202","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Andress-Rothrock D, King W, Rothrock J. An analysis of migraine triggers in a clinic-based population. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2010 Sep;50(8):1366-70. doi:10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01753.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01753.x"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Stovner LJ, Hagen K, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, et al. The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia. 2007 Mar;27(3):193-210. doi:10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01288.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01288.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Muayqil T, Al-Jafen BN, Al-Saaran Z, Al-Shammari M, et al. Migraine and headache prevalence and associated comorbidities in a large Saudi sample. European neurology. 2018;79(3-4):126-34. doi:10.1159\/000487317","DOI":"10.1159\/000487317"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Burch RC, Loder S, Loder E, Smitherman TA. The prevalence and burden of migraine and severe headache in the U nited S tates: updated statistics from government health surveillance studies. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2015 Jan;55(1):21-34. doi:10.1111\/head.12482","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12482"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Rozen TD, Swanson JW, Stang PE, McDonnell SK, Rocca WA. Increasing incidence of medically recognized migraine headache in a United States population. Neurology. 1999 Oct 22;53(7):1468-73. doi:10.1212\/wnl.53.7.1468","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1468"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Smitherman TA, Burch R, Sheikh H, Loder E. The Prevalence, Impact, and Treatment of Migraine and Severe Headaches in the United States: A Review of Statistics From National Surveillance Studies. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2013 Mar;53(3):427-36. doi:10.1111\/head.12074","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12074"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Lyngberg AC, Rasmussen BK, J\u00f8rgensen T, Jensen R. Secular changes in health care utilization and work absence for migraine and tension-type headache: a population based study. European journal of epidemiology. 2005 Dec;20(12):1007-14. doi:10.1007\/s10654-005-3778-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-005-3778-5"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"12. Lipton RB, Hamelsky SW, Stewart WF. Epidemiology and impact of headache. In: Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Dalessio DJ, eds. Wolff's headache and other head pain. 7th edn. New York: Oxford University Press. 2001: 85\u2013107."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Saunders K, Merikangas K, Low NC, Von Korff M, Kessler RC. Impact of comorbidity on headache-related disability. Neurology. 2008 Feb 12;70(7):538-47. doi:10.1212\/01.wnl.0000297192.84581.21","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000297192.84581.21"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Lipton RB, Diamond S, Reed M, Diamond ML, Stewart WF. Migraine diagnosis and treatment: results from the American Migraine Study II. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2001 Jul 12;41(7):638-45. doi:10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.041007638.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.041007638.x"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Jensen RH. Tension-type headache\u2013the normal and most prevalent headache. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2018 Feb;58(2):339-45. doi:10.1111\/head.13067","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13067"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Kahriman A, Zhu S. Migraine and Tension-Type Headache. Semin Neurol. 2018 Dec;38(6):608-618. doi: 10.1055\/s-0038-1673683","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1673683"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Schwartz BS, Stewart WF, Lipton RB. Lost workdays and decreased work effectiveness associated with headache in the workplace. J Occup Environ Med. 1997 Apr;39(4):320-7. doi: 10.1097\/00043764-199704000-00009","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199704000-00009"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Bendtsen L, Jensen R. Tension-type headache: the most common, but also the most neglected, headache disorder. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2006 Jun 1;19(3):305-9. doi:10.1097\/01.wco.0000227043.00824.a9","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000227043.00824.a9"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Andlin-Sobocki P, J\u00f6nsson B, Wittchen HU, Olesen J. Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe. Eur J Neurol. 2005 Jun;12 Suppl 1:1-27. doi: 10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2005.01202.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2005.01202.x"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Steiner TJ, Gururaj G, Andr\u00e9e C, Katsarava Z, et al. Diagnosis, prevalence estimation and burden measurement in population surveys of headache: presenting the HARDSHIP questionnaire. The journal of headache and pain. 2014 Dec;15(1):1-6. doi:10.1186\/1129-2377-15-3","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-3"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"21. Stats.gov.sa. Detailed results for the eastern region in Saudi Arabia population 2010. Available from: https:\/\/www.stats.gov.sa\/sites\/default\/files\/eastern_ regionar.pdf."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"22. Sample Size Calculator (Use in 60 Seconds)\/Qualtrics. Available from: https:\/\/www.qualtrics.com\/blog\/calculating-sample-size\/."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. AlQarni MA, Fayi KA, Al-Sharif MN, Siddiqui AF, Alhazzani AA. Prevalence of migraine and non-migraine headache and its relation with other diseases in the adults of Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2020 Mar;9(3):1567. doi:10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_962_19","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_962_19"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"24. Mushtaq A, Rafaqat B, Madiha A, Hassan Bin A, Marwa Q. Prevalence of Different Types of Headache and Migraine Disability Assessment: A Cross Sectional Study among University Students. International Journal of Medical Science and Innovative Research (IJMSIR). 2017;2:371 - 377. 10.15028\/ ijmsir\/v2i5.1974; doi:10.15028\/ijmsir\/v2i5.1974"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Oraby MI, Soliman RH, Mahmoud MA, Elfar E, Abd ElMonem NA. Migraine prevalence, clinical characteristics, and health care-seeking practice in a sample of medical students in Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery. 2021 Dec;57(1):1-9. doi:10.1186\/ s41983-021-00282-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-021-00282-8"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Ekenze OS, Ezeala-Adikaibe BA, Orjioke C, Mbadiwe N, et al. Prevalence and Pattern of Migraine, Tension Type Headache and Chronic Daily Headache among Medical and Nursing Students in Enugu, South East Nigeria. Health. 2018 Sep 30;10(10):1283-93. doi:10.4236\/health.2018.1010099","DOI":"10.4236\/health.2018.1010099"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Falavigna A, Teles AR, Velho MC, Vedana VM, et al. Prevalence and impact of headache in undergraduate students in Southern Brazil. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria. 2010;68:873-7. doi: 10.1590\/S0004-282X2010000600008","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2010000600008"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Prencipe M, Casini AR, Ferretti C, Santini M, et al. Prevalence of headache in an elderly population: attack frequency, disability, and use of medication. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2001 Mar 1;70(3):377-81. doi:10.1136\/jnnp.70.3.377","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.3.377"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Ertas M, Baykan B, Orhan EK, Zarifoglu M, et al. One-year prevalence and the impact of migraine and tension-type headache in Turkey: a nationwide home-based study in adults. The journal of headache and pain. 2012 Mar 1;13(2):147-57. doi:10.1007\/s10194-011-0414-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-011-0414-5"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Desouky DE, Zaid HA, Taha AA. Migraine, tension-type headache, and depression among Saudi female students in Taif University. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association. 2019 Dec;94(1):1-9. doi:10.1186\/s42506-019-0008-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s42506-019-0008-7"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Kandil M, Hamed SA, Fadel KA, Youssef AH, et al. Epidemiology of tensiontype headache (TTH) in Assuit Governorate, Egypt. J Neurol Neurosci. 2014;5(1):2. doi:10.1080\/01616412.2015.1114232","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2015.1114232"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Constantinides V, Anagnostou E, Bougea A, Paraskevas G, et al. Migraine and tension-type headache triggers in a Greek population. Arquivos de neuropsiquiatria. 2015;73:665-9. doi:10.1590\/0004-282X20150093","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20150093"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Edmeads J, Findlay H, Tugwell P, Pryse-Phillips W, et al. Impact of migraine and tension-type headache on life-style, consulting behaviour, and medication use: a Canadian population survey. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1993 May;20(2):131-7. doi:10.1017\/s0317167100047697","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100047697"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Diamond S, Diamond ML, Reed M. Prevalence and burden of migraine in the United States: data from the American Migraine Study II. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2001 Jul 12;41(7):646-57. doi:10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.041007646.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.041007646.x"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Radtke A, Neuhauser H. Prevalence and burden of headache and migraine in Germany. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2009 Jan;49(1):79-89. doi:10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2008.01263.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2008.01263.x"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Deleu D, Khan M, Humaidan H, Al Mantheri Z, Hashamis A. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of headache in medical students in Oman. Headache. 2001;41(8):798\u201304. doi:10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.01146.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.01146.x"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Abdo SA, AL-Kamarany MA, Alzoubi KH, Al-Maktari MT, Al-Baidani AH. Primary headache in Yemen: prevalence and common medications used. Neurol Res Int. 2014;2014:1\u20136. doi:10.1155\/2014\/808126","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/808126"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medicine and Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/medandlife.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/9.-jml-2022-0176.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T05:26:34Z","timestamp":1683523594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medandlife.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/9.-jml-2022-0176.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["JMedLife-15-1371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25122\/jml-2022-0176","relation":{},"ISSN":["1844-122X","1844-3117"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1844-122X","type":"print"},{"value":"1844-3117","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}}}