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The applicability of this paradigm to space systems, where both large datasets and inexpensive hardware are not readily available, is more difficult and thus still rare. This paper analyzes the impact of DNNs on the system-level capabilities of space systems in terms of on-board decision making (OBDM) and identifies the specific criticalities of deploying DNNs on satellites. The workload of DNNs for on-board image and telemetry analysis is analyzed, and the results are used to drive the preliminary design of a RISC-V vector processor to be employed as a generic platform to enable energy-efficient OBDM for both payload and platform applications. The design of the memory subsystem is carried out in detail to allow full exploitation of the computational resources in typically resource-constrained space systems. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2514\/1.i010916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T09:11:00Z","timestamp":1624871460000},"page":"553-570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/aiaa_crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["On-Board Decision Making in Space with Deep Neural Networks and RISC-V Vector Processors"],"prefix":"10.2514","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Di Mascio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Menicucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eberhard","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Furano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Monteleone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1387","reference":[{"key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2016.2640698"},{"key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2013.2254722"},{"key":"r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.I010735"},{"key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2926114"},{"key":"r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2020.3008468"},{"key":"r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.I010555"},{"key":"r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3424669"},{"key":"r17","unstructured":"LalB.Sylak-GlassmanE.MineiroM.GuptaN.PrattL.AzariA. \u201cGlobal Trends in Space Volume 2: Trends by Subsector and Factors that Could Disrupt Them,\u201d Vol. 2, Inst. for Defense Analyses, Science & Technology Policy Inst., IDA Paper P-5242, 2015, https:\/\/www.ida.org\/-\/media\/feature\/publications\/g\/gl\/global-trends-in-space-volume-2-trends-by-subsector-and-factors-that-could-disrupt-them\/p5242v2.ashx."},{"key":"r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119673811"},{"key":"r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2016.11.021"},{"key":"r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2011.12.014"},{"key":"r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2018-2558"},{"key":"r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001924000004176"},{"key":"r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00262-0"},{"key":"r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2950087"},{"key":"r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2761740"},{"key":"r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090967"},{"key":"r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1498765.1498785"},{"key":"r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/L-CA.2013.6"},{"key":"r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2572683"},{"key":"r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2877890"},{"key":"r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2703082"},{"key":"r48","unstructured":"GravesA. \u201cSupervised Sequence Labelling with Recurrent Neural Networks,\u201d Ph.D. Dissertation, Technical Univ. of Munich, Munich, 2008."},{"key":"r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3140659.3080246"},{"volume-title":"Vector Microprocessors","year":"1998","author":"Asanovic K.","key":"r53"},{"key":"r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/40.526924"},{"key":"r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.809248"},{"key":"r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2017.2654506"},{"key":"r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2017.35"},{"key":"r63","unstructured":"LeeY.OuA.SchmidtC.KarandikarS.MaoH.AsanovicK. \u201cThe Hwacha Microarchitecture Manual, Version 3.8.1,\u201d Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Dept. 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