{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T04:02:51Z","timestamp":1747108971741,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"Cascade Aerospace Inc.","award":["CRDPJ 543654-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRDPJ 543654-19"]}]},{"name":"Marinvent Corporation","award":["CRDPJ 543654-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRDPJ 543654-19"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRDPJ 543654-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRDPJ 543654-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["arc.aiaa.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Aerospace Information Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Aircraft design and development programs must comply with many certification requirements described in natural language provided in a complex collection of document-based regulations and associated guidance material. As a result, individual design organizations develop internal processes detailing how regulatory requirements should be met within their aircraft design programs. Subject matter experts develop these processes, which are subjective interpretations of the regulations and can vary significantly between development programs and organizations. Model-based approaches are increasingly used to manage the complexity of the aircraft design and development process. Regulatory documentation, however, remains document-based, making certification a costly component of the design process. This paper reviews three approaches to modeling regulatory documentation of process mapping, ontological modeling, and Unified Modeling Language (UML) and compares their utility in the context of reducing ambiguity, reflecting complexity, and leveraging subject matter expertise. A case study is presented using the advisory circular AC 21.101-1B Establishing the Certification Basis of Changed Aeronautical Products to illustrate the comparison. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2514\/1.i011331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T09:15:21Z","timestamp":1733130921000},"page":"4-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/aiaa_crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clarifying Ambiguity in Aircraft Regulatory Documentation: A Review of Modeling Approaches"],"prefix":"10.2514","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9a","family":"Cartile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Concordia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catharine","family":"Marsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Military College of Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Liscou\u00ebt-Hanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Concordia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1387","reference":[{"key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822383550","volume-title":"Complexities: Social Studies of Knowledge Practices","author":"Law J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/kpm.1431"},{"key":"r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001924000094380"},{"key":"r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2017-3762"},{"key":"r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2019-3576"},{"key":"r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMTM.2010.031376"},{"journal-title":"The Logic of Failure","year":"1996","author":"D\u00f6rner D.","key":"r17"},{"volume-title":"31st Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences","year":"2018","author":"Spieck M.","key":"r18"},{"key":"r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07215-9_16"},{"key":"r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16864360.2005.10738322"},{"key":"r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2020-3150"},{"key":"r23","unstructured":"AIAA Digital Engineering Integration Committee, \u201cDigital Twin: Definition & Value\u2014An AIAA and AIA Position Paper,\u201d AIAA Digital Engineering Integration Committee, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2020."},{"key":"r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2023-1405"},{"key":"r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2031270"},{"key":"r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2037771"},{"key":"r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2016.05.006"},{"key":"r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcip.2010.06.003"},{"key":"r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001924000003237"},{"key":"r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.10.026"},{"key":"r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2023-3993"},{"key":"r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2024-1627"},{"key":"r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/11.2.245"},{"key":"r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01580149"},{"key":"r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-6301(02)00019-5"},{"volume-title":"Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy","year":"1962","author":"Polyani M.","key":"r43"},{"volume-title":"Knowledge Management in Theory and Practice","year":"2005","author":"Dalkir K.","key":"r44"},{"issue":"10","key":"r45","first-page":"49","volume":"2","author":"Liew A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Business Management Dynamics"},{"key":"r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-4446.2009.01303.x"},{"key":"r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.20066"},{"issue":"4","key":"r48","first-page":"12","volume":"11","author":"Epstein J. M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation"},{"key":"r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-00554-070308"},{"key":"r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15228-3"},{"key":"r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.20109"},{"key":"r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/17465640810900568"},{"key":"r54","unstructured":"CartileA. \u201cProcess Mapping Approaches for High-Value Safety-Critical Aircraft Modification Design and Development: A Case Study,\u201d Concordia Univ., Montreal, 2018."},{"key":"r55","unstructured":"DamelioR. \u201cThe Basics of Process Mapping,\u201d 2nd ed. CRC Press\u2013Taylor & Francis Group, 2011. 10.4324\/9781439891278"},{"key":"r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-017-0262-7"},{"key":"r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95669-5"},{"volume-title":"Process Improvement Using Six Sigma: A DMAIC Guide","year":"2009","author":"Shankar R.","key":"r59"},{"key":"r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2015.1052155"},{"key":"r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/17410400810916053"},{"journal-title":"Information Systems Engineering in Complex Environments CAiSE Forum 2024","year":"2014","author":"Malinova M.","key":"r63"},{"key":"r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511779183","volume-title":"Software Modeling and Design: UML, Use Cases, Patterns, and Software Architectures","author":"Gomaa H.","year":"2011"},{"key":"r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(99)00101-9"},{"key":"r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15865-0_2"},{"key":"r67","first-page":"734","author":"Laporti V.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2007 11th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design"},{"key":"r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-012-0278-4"},{"key":"r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.453.0451"},{"key":"r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WPC.2004.1311043"},{"key":"r73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2013.6606618"},{"key":"r74","unstructured":"KikoK.AtkinsonC. \u201cA Detailed Comparison of UML and OWL,\u201d Univ. of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany, 2008."},{"key":"r75","unstructured":"KesselerE. \u201cAdvancing the State-of-the-Art in the Civil Aircraft Design: A Knowledge-Based Multidisciplinary Engineering Approach,\u201d National Aerospace Lab. NLR, NLR-TP-2006-549, Amsterdam, 2006."},{"key":"r76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/int.22357"},{"key":"r79","first-page":"1","author":"Hoppe T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"2017 IEEE International Systems Engineering Symposium (ISSE)"},{"key":"r80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11880240_37"},{"key":"r81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2014.965352"},{"key":"r82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace8040118"},{"key":"r83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2010.07.009"},{"key":"r84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3384\/ecp19162004"},{"key":"r85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2022.04.052"},{"key":"r86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2021-3076"},{"key":"r87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10472-011-9267-5"},{"key":"r88","first-page":"317","volume":"21","author":"Dimyadi J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon)"},{"key":"r90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.3c00028"},{"key":"r91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ANDESCON56260.2022.9989638"},{"key":"r92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000346"},{"key":"r93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2019-3344"},{"key":"r94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2020-3096"},{"key":"r95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2022-3256"},{"key":"r96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace9120791"},{"volume-title":"AIAA SciTech 2023 Forum","year":"2023","author":"Ray A. T.","key":"r97"},{"key":"r98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2982063"}],"container-title":["Journal of Aerospace Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/arc.aiaa.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2514\/1.I011331","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T12:41:42Z","timestamp":1747053702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arc.aiaa.org\/doi\/10.2514\/1.I011331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2514\/1.I011331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/1.i011331","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-3151","2327-3097"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1940-3151"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2327-3097"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-24","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}