{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T21:06:06Z","timestamp":1740171966565,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743811200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":278,"URL":"https:\/\/www.aiaa.org\/userlicenses\/1.0\/#CompEndUserLicense"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006282","name":"Federal Aviation Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Cooperative Agreement: 12-C-GA-PU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cooperative Agreement: 12-C-GA-PU"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006282","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006377","name":"Purdue University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Cooperative Agreement: 12-C-GA-PU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cooperative Agreement: 12-C-GA-PU"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["arc.aiaa.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Aerospace Information Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> A pilot weather report (PIREP) is a firsthand report of actual meteorological phenomena encountered by an aircraft in flight or on the ground. In general aviation (GA), PIREPs are a critical method of communicating weather information with pilots, controllers, and forecasters. However, GA pilots may find submitting PIREPs a cumbersome, manually intensive, and latent process. Automation of the radio PIREP submission process could lead to an increase in the quantity and quality (i.e., accuracy, timeliness, and usefulness) of GA PIREPs. This paper discusses the development and evaluation of a three-tier system to automatically convert spoken PIREPs to coded PIREPs using speech recognition, machine learning (ML), and natural-language-processing techniques. Specifically, this paper describes 1)\u00a0the development, evaluation, and limitations of a trained commercial-of-the-shelf speech recognition system to generate text transcriptions of the spoken PIREPs, 2)\u00a0an ML-based Named Entity Recognition model for segregating and labeling information from PIREP transcriptions, and 3)\u00a0a final deterministic encoder to generate PIREP codes. If implemented in practice, this approach could significantly reduce interferences associated with submitting PIREPs, increase the number of PIREP submissions, improve the quality of PIREPs, and ultimately make flying safer for GA pilots. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2514\/1.i011386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T16:59:06Z","timestamp":1712336346000},"page":"568-578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/aiaa_crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automated Spoken-to-Coded Pilot Weather Reports in General Aviation"],"prefix":"10.2514","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5619-7012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shantanu","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6232-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Pitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6572-0979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary E.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1387","reference":[{"key":"r1","unstructured":"National Transportation Safety Board, \u201cImproving Pilot Weather Report Submission and Dissemination to Benefit Safety in the National Airspace System,\u201d NTSB SIR-17\/02, Washington, D.C. March\u00a02017, https:\/\/www.ntsb.gov\/safety\/safety-studies\/Pages\/DCA15SR001.aspx [retrieved 23 Oct.\u00a02023]."},{"key":"r4","unstructured":"National Transportation Safety Board, \u201cPilot Weather Reports (PIREPs): Pay It Forward,\u201d NTSB Safety Alert, June\u00a02017, https:\/\/www.ntsb.gov\/Advocacy\/safety-alerts\/Documents\/SA-064.pdf [retrieved 23 Oct.\u00a02023]."},{"key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10508414.2010.487015"},{"key":"r7","unstructured":"JohnsonM. E.PittsB. J.GuptaS.DeoM. K. \u201cDevelop a Lexicon Data Set of PIREP-Specific Terminology,\u201d PEGASAS Project 33\u2014Augmented Weather Information Project (Task AWIP.3.1), Federal Aviation Administration, June\u00a02021."},{"key":"r11","unstructured":"JohnsonM. E.GuptaS. \u201cConsensus Overview PIREP Submission and Dissemination Flow Charts,\u201d PEGASAS Project 33\u2014Augmented Weather Information Project (Task AWIP.2.1), Federal Aviation Administration, Sept.\u00a02020."},{"key":"r12","unstructured":"JohnsonM. E.GuY.FengY. \u201cExploratory Study on Features for a PIREP Submittal Tool,\u201d PEGASAS Project 4\u2014Weather Technology in the Cockpit (Deliverable 4.6.4), Report Submitted to Federal Aviation Administration, April\u00a02019."},{"key":"r13","unstructured":"MeymarisG.SharmanR.CornmanL.DeierlingW. \u201cThe NCAR In Situ Turbulence Detection Algorithm,\u201d NCAR TN-560+EDD, National Science Foundation, June\u00a02019, http:\/\/n2t.net\/ark:\/85065\/d7v69jrv [retrieved 23 Oct. 2023]."},{"key":"r21","unstructured":"ArthurJ. J.SheltonK. J.PrinzelL. J.BaileyR. E. \u201cPerformance Evaluation of Speech Recognition Systems as a Next-Generation Pilot-Vehicle Interface Technology,\u201d NASA TM-2016-219329, Aug.\u00a02016, https:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/archive\/nasa\/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov\/20160010565.pdf [retrieved 23 Oct.\u00a02023]."},{"key":"r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22488\/okstate.22.100211"},{"key":"r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26483\/ijarcs.v9i2.5559"},{"key":"r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.115694"},{"key":"r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2015.09.005"},{"key":"r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace10070600"},{"key":"r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981211036359"},{"key":"r39","unstructured":"JohnsonM. E.PittsB. J.GuptaS.DeoM. K. \u201cDesign, Development, and Experimental Evaluation of Speech Recognition and \u2018Hands-Minimized\u2019 PIREP Submission Tool with GA Pilots and Actual PIREP Lexicon,\u201d PEGASAS Project 33\u2014Augmented Weather Information Project (Task AWIP.3.2), Federal Aviation Administration, March\u00a02022."},{"key":"r40","unstructured":"JohnsonM. E.PittsB. J.GuptaS.DeoM. K. \u201cDevelopment and Testing of a Prototype PIREP Submission Tool,\u201d PEGASAS Project 33\u2014Augmented Weather Information Project (Task AWIP.2.4), Federal Aviation Administration, June\u00a02022."},{"key":"r52","volume-title":"Practical Natural Language Processing: A Comprehensive Guide to Building Real-World NLP Systems","author":"Vajjala S.","year":"2020","edition":"1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Aerospace Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/arc.aiaa.org\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.2514\/1.I011386","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/arc.aiaa.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2514\/1.I011386","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/arc.aiaa.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2514\/1.I011386","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T09:36:41Z","timestamp":1719567401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arc.aiaa.org\/doi\/10.2514\/1.I011386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2514\/1.I011386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/1.i011386","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-3151","2327-3097"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1940-3151"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2327-3097"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-14","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}