{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T08:07:31Z","timestamp":1782979651744,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["arc.aiaa.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Aerospace Information Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an exploratory investigation of GPS anomalies in aviation, focusing on gaps and deviations in Automatic Dependent Surveillance\u2013Broadcast (ADS-B) data. The study evaluates the association between these events and distinct factors, including navigation-related Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs). The study is supported by 376.9 billion ADS-B messages from the OpenSky database, where 53,232\u00a0GPS gaps were identified in 37,546 distinct aircraft flights and 5,878,275\u00a0GPS deviations were identified in messages from 101,681 aircraft. The analysis included 455,385 US and 30,160 global NOTAMs. Results indicate a higher relative incidence of GPS anomalies in areas with high aircraft traffic and a spatiotemporal association between the incidence of NOTAM warnings and GPS gaps. GPS gaps in ADS-B data also present longer average duration in areas with effective navigation-related NOTAM warnings. An association between GPS deviations, suggestive of potential spoofing, and NOTAM warnings related to navigation interference. These results support the role of NOTAMs as an effective risk control strategy by providing relevant information to crews regarding potential GPS anomalies. Finally, an assessment of the Navigation Integrity Category (NIC) values associated with GPS gaps indicated a significant portion of messages with NIC above seven.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2514\/1.i011527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T06:30:04Z","timestamp":1747117804000},"page":"570-582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/aiaa_crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["GPS Anomalies in Aviation: Preliminary Insights from Automatic Dependent Surveillance\u2013Broadcast Data"],"prefix":"10.2514","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6296-919X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene","family":"Pik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mevocopter Aerospace"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Berra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loxodrome Labs"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Yearwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6802-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joao S. D.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1387","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"r1","first-page":"51","volume":"4","author":"Colby G.","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics AIAA"},{"key":"r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463308005213"},{"key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/127072"},{"key":"r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.00012"},{"key":"r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.507"},{"key":"r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5937\/vojtehg69-30119"},{"key":"r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.4"},{"key":"r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00012788"},{"key":"r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5038\/1944-0472.12.2.1720"},{"key":"r13","volume-title":"Progress, Challenges and Advantages of ADS-B Implementation in the SAM Region","author":"Pereira M.","year":"2022"},{"key":"r14","first-page":"83","author":"Sch\u00e4fer M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"IPSN-14 Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks"},{"key":"r15","author":"Pik E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zenodo"},{"issue":"2","key":"r16","first-page":"19","volume":"3","author":"Tabassum A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"},{"key":"r17","first-page":"97","volume":"67","author":"Darabseh A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 7th OpenSky Workshop 2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"r19","first-page":"104","volume":"46","author":"Westbrook T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Security and Defence Quarterly"},{"key":"r22","first-page":"81","author":"Kaplan E. 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