{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:24:34Z","timestamp":1773005074230,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy (JOSPT)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.jospt.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic &amp; Sports Physical Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title><jats:p> Physical therapists have an important role on the interprofessional team to provide care for people with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Diagnostic classification is a challenge in this population, given the complexities inherent in presentations of headache and orofacial pain, and is critical to selecting the appropriate intervention. The objectives of this paper were (1) to characterize the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the TMDs most commonly seen in the outpatient clinic, (2) to describe a systems screen to be used in the physical therapy examination to determine the need for interprofessional referral, and (3) to propose an approach for physical therapists to examine, evaluate, and classify patients with TMDs, based on previously validated methodologies. A modification of the diagnostic framework of the International Headache Society has provided the basis for the systems screen of people presenting with orofacial pain. The physical therapy examination and evaluation is based on the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD, developed and validated by a consortium of specialists from the American Academy of Orofacial Pain. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p> Diagnosis, level 5. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(3):182\u2013197. doi:10.2519\/jospt.2014.4847 <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.4847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,28]],"date-time":"2014-02-28T23:46:47Z","timestamp":1393631207000},"page":"182-197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["A Proposed Diagnostic Classification of Patients With Temporomandibular Disorders: Implications for Physical Therapists"],"prefix":"10.2519","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Anne L.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob N.","family":"Thorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela D.","family":"Ritzline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1394","reference":[{"key":"bib1","first-page":"e119","volume":"60","author":"Aggarwal A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gen Dent."},{"key":"bib2","volume-title":"Grant's Atlas of Anatomy","author":"Agur AMR","year":"2009","edition":"12"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2009.02.023"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39092.679722.BE"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2011.02.026"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01346.x"},{"key":"bib8","first-page":"79","volume":"24","author":"Anderson GC","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199006000-00005"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01648.x"},{"key":"bib11","volume-title":"Primary Care for the Physical Therapist: Examination and Triage","author":"Boissonnault W","year":"2010","edition":"2"},{"key":"bib12","first-page":"47","volume":"15","author":"Carlson CR","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-008-0400-z"},{"key":"bib14","first-page":"42","volume":"17","author":"De Laat A","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.1994.tb01181.x"},{"key":"bib16","first-page":"18","volume":"8","author":"de Leeuw R","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"bib17","volume-title":"Orofacial Pain: Guidelines for Assessment, Diagnosis, and Management","author":"de Leeuw R","year":"2013","edition":"5"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1190"},{"key":"bib19","first-page":"124","volume":"12","author":"Di Fabio RP","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"bib20","volume-title":"Trigger Point Dry Needling: An Evidenced and Clinical-Based Approach","author":"Dommerholt J","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib21","first-page":"228","volume":"8","author":"Duckro PN","year":"1997","journal-title":"Headache Q Curr Treat Res."},{"key":"bib22","first-page":"301","volume":"6","author":"Dworkin SF","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Craniomandib Disord."},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199006000-00004"},{"key":"bib24","first-page":"106","volume":"24","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Carnero J","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg075"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31802006000300012"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(96)03173-9"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-004-0069-x"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2011.0088"},{"key":"bib30","volume-title":"Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist","author":"Goodman CC","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib31","volume-title":"Management of Common Musculoskeletal Disorders: Physical Therapy Principles and Methods","author":"Hertling D","year":"2006","edition":"4"},{"key":"bib32","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Scientific Foundations and Principles of Practice in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation","author":"Hoeger Bement MK","year":"2007"},{"key":"bib33","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Cephalalgia","volume":"24","author":"International Headache Society","year":"2004","edition":"2"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01345.x"},{"key":"bib35","volume-title":"Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders: Volume 1: Spine","author":"Kraus S","year":"2004","edition":"4"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2006.10.001"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510370820"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/31627230"},{"key":"bib39","first-page":"613","volume":"50","author":"Kroenke K","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"bib40","volume-title":"Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis","author":"Levangie PK","year":"2011","edition":"5"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200201000-00009"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2010.02089.x"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350500483137"},{"key":"bib44","first-page":"25","volume":"24","author":"Look JO","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.07.198"},{"key":"bib46","volume-title":"Orthopedic Physical Assessment","author":"Magee DJ","year":"2008","edition":"5"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350510019739"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01841.x"},{"key":"bib49","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Scientific Foundations and Principles of Practice in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation","author":"Matzkin E","year":"2007"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/86.5.710"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/106698106790819982"},{"key":"bib52","first-page":"1415","volume":"34","author":"Mease P","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/86.7.955"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.77020"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2003.01143.x"},{"key":"bib56","volume-title":"Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Rehabilitation","author":"Neumann DA","year":"2010","edition":"2"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2011.02247.x"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2009.02058.x"},{"key":"bib59","first-page":"48","volume":"24","author":"Ohrbach R","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2007.12.009"},{"key":"bib61","volume-title":"Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion","author":"Okeson JP","year":"2013","edition":"7"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2010.08.007"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198565901.003.0002","volume-title":"The Classification and Diagnosis of Headache Disorders","author":"Olesen J","year":"2005"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345990780020401"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2003.01010.x"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2009.07.001"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2011.3644"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1983.0020"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-10-26"},{"key":"bib70","first-page":"212","volume-title":"Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis","author":"Ritzline PD","year":"2011","edition":"5"},{"key":"bib71","volume-title":"Musculoskeletal Approach to Maxillofacial Pain","author":"Rocabado M","year":"1991"},{"key":"bib72","first-page":"101","volume":"24","author":"Rollman A","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600109"},{"key":"bib74","first-page":"63","volume":"24","author":"Schiffman EL","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"bib75","first-page":"7","volume":"24","author":"Schiffman EL","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345010800101401"},{"key":"bib77","volume-title":"Travell & Simons' Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual","author":"Simons DG","year":"1998","edition":"2"},{"key":"bib78","first-page":"35","volume":"24","author":"Truelove E","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90154-4"},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/crn.2011.008"},{"key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir042"},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2000.30.8.484"},{"key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02169.x"},{"key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.148.6.1165"},{"key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.030"},{"key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-010-1743-4"},{"key":"bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.01.006"},{"key":"bib89","first-page":"ii27","volume":"72","author":"Zakrzewska JM","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic &amp; Sports Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jospt.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2519\/jospt.2014.4847","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T13:54:35Z","timestamp":1724680475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jospt.org\/doi\/10.2519\/jospt.2014.4847"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2519\/jospt.2014.4847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2014.4847","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-6011","1938-1344"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-6011","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-1344","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-02-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}