{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:45:41Z","timestamp":1790628341049,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy (JOSPT)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.jospt.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic &amp; Sports Physical Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repeated-measures clinical measurement reliability study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>While there are some shoulder functional tests for athletes, no widely used performance test of arm and shoulder function currently exists to assess lower-level upper extremity functional demands in, for example, a nonathlete population or elderly individuals. In these individuals, functional measures rely on patient self-report.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Describe the development of the Timed Functional Arm and Shoulder Test (TFAST), age-related scores, and between-session reliability in a group of asymptomatic high school athletes, young adults, middle-aged adults, older adults, and a preliminary group of symptomatic patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred forty asymptomatic individuals participated in the study: 36 high school athletes (14\u201318 years of age), 34 young adults (19\u201335 years of age), 37 middle-aged adults (36\u201365 years of age), 33 older adults (over 65 years of age), and 16 symptomatic patients (22\u201366 years of age). The TFAST is a functional test that includes 3 tasks: hand to head and back, wall wash, and gallon lift. Total repetitions were noted for each task, and the total TFAST score was calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean total TFAST scores were higher for young adults (107.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 102.5, 113.4) and middle-aged adults (105.2; 95% CI: 99.1, 111.3) as compared to the high school athletes (89.9; 95% CI: 81.2, 98.5) and older adults (74.5; 95% CI: 65.6, 83.5). All groups were significantly different (P&lt;.05) from each other, except the young and middle-aged adults. For patients, the mean score for the symptomatic side was 100.1 (95% CI: 89.6, 110.5). The between-session reliability values for the total TFAST scores in the asymptomatic individuals were as follows: intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.98; standard error of measurement, 6.7; and minimal detectable change based on a 95% CI, 18.5 repetitions. The ICC values for individual tasks ranged from 0.80 to 0.94 (95% CI range, 0.44\u20130.98). The reliability for the patient group was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.51, 0.94).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The TFAST was sensitive to detect differences in functional performance between age groups, demonstrated adequate between-session reliability, and demonstrated feasibility in a symptomatic patient group. Further assessment is needed to refine the TFAST. Development of a feasible and valid test of arm function would enhance clinical evaluation and outcome measurement. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017;47(6):420\u2013431. Epub 3 Mar 2017. doi:10.2519\/jospt.2017.7136<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2017.7136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,4]],"date-time":"2017-03-04T04:52:09Z","timestamp":1488603129000},"page":"420-431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Early Development and Reliability of the Timed Functional Arm and Shoulder Test"],"prefix":"10.2519","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Kshamata M.","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Dingle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hansmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Safford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Sternberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip W.","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1394","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2001.115270"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-1130(01)80043-0"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012"},{"key":"bib4","first-page":"249","author":"Cahalan TD","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780340619"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1995.tb06372.x"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7057.601"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80120-0"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.9.1127"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00349-9"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009796"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(96)00210-7"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/52A.6.M363"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218957799000208"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/arth.2002.29324"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.02.017"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2012.3796"},{"key":"bib18","first-page":"39","volume":"61","author":"Leclerc A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2006.36.3.138"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(96)80026-7"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(02)00445-6"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-8-42"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2004.03.009"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.02.006"},{"key":"bib25","first-page":"1996","volume":"31","author":"Massy-Westropp N","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11404","volume":"49","author":"McClure P","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/52A.1.M19"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi112"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.07.032"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4967(24)43385-2","volume":"60","author":"Pope DP","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1995.tb06236.x"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1790040403"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2279"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2555-1-4"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.4.281"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1992.tb02011.x"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.12.013"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2014.07.003"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.15.1.56"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2008.2616"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2010.3223"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199801000-00008"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-1"},{"key":"bib44","first-page":"519","volume":"46","author":"van der Windt DA","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract."},{"key":"bib45","first-page":"139","volume":"7","author":"Westrick RB","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther."},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2001.113086"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2006.2133"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic &amp; Sports Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jospt.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2519\/jospt.2017.7136","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:16:33Z","timestamp":1750032993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jospt.org\/doi\/10.2519\/jospt.2017.7136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2519\/jospt.2017.7136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2017.7136","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-6011","1938-1344"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-6011","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-1344","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-05-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}