{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T17:30:51Z","timestamp":1762623051771},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"abstract":"Background and Purpose<\/jats:title>Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is frequently used to decrease swelling in the early period after ankle sprain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate its effectiveness in this treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Subjects<\/jats:title>Thirty-four subjects (11 female, 23 male; mean age=30.2 years) who were recovering from ankle sprain participated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Outcome measures were ankle-foot volume, ankle girth, and self-assessed ankle function. Three testing raining sessions occurred within 5 days of injury. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: a group that received NMES treatment, a group that received submotor ES treatment (designed to act as a control group), and a group that received sham treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>There were no statistically significant differences among the groups for ankle-foot volume and self-assessed ankle function. The statistically significant differences for ankle girth may have been compromised due to the significantly different values among groups at baseline. Ankle girth measurements were shown to be statistically significant from session 1 to session 3 for the NMES group but not for the other 2 groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion and Conclusion<\/jats:title>The results indicate that NMES, as designed and used in this study, is not effective in decreasing ankle-foot volume or increasing self-assessed ankle function in the early period after ankle sprain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20050244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,16]],"date-time":"2007-02-16T22:08:35Z","timestamp":1171663715000},"page":"53-65","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Ankle Swelling in the Early Period After Ankle Sprain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Ivy OW","family":"Man","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IOW Man, MCSP, PhD, is Lecturer in Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew C","family":"Morrissey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MC Morrissey, ScD, is Senior Lecturer, Division of Applied Biomedical Research, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jozef K","family":"Cywinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JK Cywinski, ScD, FACC, is affiliated with the Institute of Medical Technology, Orsie\u00e8res, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"2019123111280623500_B1","unstructured":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Available at: http:\/\/www.niams.nih.gov\/hiopics\/strain_sprain\/strain_sprain.htm. Accessed December20, 2005."},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B2","first-page":"528","volume":"20","author":"Rourke","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B3","first-page":"11","article-title":"Volumetry in the evaluation of swelling in the ankle and foot","volume":"31","author":"Nilsson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Oslo City Hosp"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/68.7.1072","article-title":"Comparison of three treatment procedures for minimizing ankle sprain swelling","volume":"68","author":"Cote","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1993.17.5.240","article-title":"Treatment of the inversion ankle sprain: comparison of different modes of compression and cryotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Wilkerson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1999.29.6.339","article-title":"Relationship between ankle invertor H-reflexes and acute swelling induced by inversion ankle sprain","volume":"29","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1123\/att.2.1.40","article-title":"Edema control and the acutely inverted ankle sprain","author":"Norwig","year":"1997","journal-title":"Athletic Therapy Today"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B8","first-page":"278","article-title":"Reduction of post traumatic ankle edema with high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation","author":"Voight","year":"1984","journal-title":"Athletic Training"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1991.14.2.65","article-title":"The effects of intermittent compression on oedema in postacute ankle sprains","volume":"14","author":"Rucinski","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/72.1.63","article-title":"Effect of a single 30-minute treatment of high-voltage pulsed current on edema formation in frog hind limbs","volume":"72","author":"Taylor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B11","volume-title":"Clinical Electrophysiology: Electrotherapy and Electrophysiologic Testing","author":"Robinson","year":"1995"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B12","first-page":"677","article-title":"High-voltage pulsed direct current: effect on edema formation after hyperflexion injury","volume":"71","author":"Bettany","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B13","first-page":"604","article-title":"Studies of the effect of massage on the flow of lymph from the foreleg of the dog","author":"Ladd","year":"1952","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B14","first-page":"32","article-title":"Sprains and strains treated with the Ultrafaradic M-4 Impulse Generator","volume":"40","author":"Crisler","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Flor Med Assoc"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198309000-00022","article-title":"Transcutaneous muscle stimulation to retard disuse atrophy after open meniscectomy","volume":"178","author":"Gould","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/70.5.279","article-title":"Reduction of chronic posttraumatic hand edema: a comparison of high-voltage pulsed current, intermittent pneumatic compression, and placebo treatments","volume":"70","author":"Griffin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B17","first-page":"6","article-title":"Increases in range of motion of the edematous hand with use of the Electromesh glove","author":"Lake","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physical Therapy Forum"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B18","first-page":"1526","article-title":"Comparison of selected pulse frequencies from two different electrical stimulators on blood flow in healthy subjects","volume":"68","author":"Tracy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/80.1.53","article-title":"Circulatory responses to voluntary and electrically induced muscle contractions in humans","volume":"80","author":"Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/66.6.937","article-title":"Effect of graded electrical stimulation on blood flow to healthy muscle","volume":"66","author":"Currier","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/67.4.526","article-title":"Effect of high-voltage stimulation on blood flow in the rat hind limb","volume":"67","author":"Mohr","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/71.5.397","article-title":"Effect of motor neuromuscular electrical stimulation on microvascular perfusion of stimulated rat skeletal muscle","volume":"71","author":"Clemente","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/86.559350","article-title":"Electrical stimulation-induced contraction to reduce blood stasis during arthroplasty","volume":"5","author":"Faghri","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1977.tb10365.x","article-title":"Flow and composition of leg lymph in normal men during venous stasis, muscular activity and local hyperthermia","volume":"99","author":"Olszewski","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000058432.29149.08","article-title":"Effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on foot and ankle volume during standing","volume":"35","author":"Man","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/72.3.227","article-title":"The electrical effect of two commonly used clinical stimulators on traumatic edema in rats","volume":"72","author":"Cosgrove","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659101900204","article-title":"Analysis of subjective knee complaints using visual analog scales","volume":"19","author":"Flandry","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1979.1.1.51","article-title":"Measurement of ankle joint swelling using a figure of 8","volume":"1","author":"Esterson","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B29","first-page":"14","article-title":"Ankle size measurements with the foot in a free hanging position: reliability of the figure-of-eight tape method","volume":"54","author":"Van Herp","year":"1998","journal-title":"S Afr J Phys"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B30","first-page":"F-4","volume-title":"Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data","author":"Weast","year":"1966"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1995.22.4.161","article-title":"Reliability of the figure-of-eight method of ankle measurement","volume":"22","author":"Tatro-Adams","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2002.001677","article-title":"Arthrogenic muscle response to a simulated ankle joint effusion","volume":"38","author":"Palmieri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.6.2063","article-title":"Measurements of volume changes and venous pressure in the human lower leg during walking and running","volume":"72","author":"Stick","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B34","first-page":"63","article-title":"New perspectives in edema control via electrical stimulation","volume":"28","author":"Mendel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Athletic Training"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/68.4.491","article-title":"Effect of high-voltage pulsed electrical stimulation on microvascular permeability to plasma proteins","volume":"68","author":"Reed","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80665-2","article-title":"High-voltage pulsed current: its influence on diameters of histaminedilated arterioles in hamster cheek pouches","volume":"76","author":"Karnes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123111280623500_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2004.00578.x","article-title":"Effect of body position on foot and ankle volume in healthy subjects","volume":"24","author":"Man","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/87\/1\/53\/31669108\/ptj0053.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/87\/1\/53\/31669108\/ptj0053.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T00:39:04Z","timestamp":1707611944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article\/87\/1\/53\/2742121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20050244","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9023","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-6724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]}}}