{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T11:43:59Z","timestamp":1782301439471,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Motor control exercises to improve control and coordination of trunk muscles and graded activity under the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy are 2 commonly used exercise therapies, yet there is little evidence to support the use of one intervention over the other.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of motor control exercises and graded activity for patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was a prospectively registered randomized controlled trial with outcome assessment and statistical analyses conducted blind to group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted in primary care settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title><jats:p>The participants were 172 patients with chronic (&amp;gt;12 weeks) nonspecific low back pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients were randomly assigned to receive either motor control exercises or graded activity. There was no attempt to subclassify patients to match them to a treatment. Patients in both groups received 14 sessions of individualized, supervised exercise therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary outcomes were average pain over the previous week (numeric rating scale) and function (Patient-Specific Functional Scale); secondary outcomes were disability (24-item Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire), global impression of change (Global Perceived Effect Scale), and quality of life (36-Item Short-Form Health Survey questionnaire [SF-36]). Outcome measures were collected at baseline and at 2, 6, and 12 months after intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A linear mixed models analysis showed that there were no significant differences between treatment groups at any of the time points for any of the outcomes studied. For example, the effect for pain at 2 months was 0.0 (\u22120.7 to 0.8).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinicians could not be blinded to the interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this study suggest that motor control exercises and graded activity have similar effects for patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,3]],"date-time":"2011-12-03T06:02:56Z","timestamp":1322892176000},"page":"363-377","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":["Effect of Motor Control Exercises Versus Graded Activity in Patients With Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Luciana Gazzi","family":"Macedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"L.G. Macedo, PT, PhD, Common Spinal Disorders Research Group, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alberta, 2-50 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G4."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Latimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Latimer, PT, PhD, Musculoskeletal Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.G. Maher, PT, PhD, Musculoskeletal Division, The George Institute for Global Health."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Hodges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P.W. Hodges, PT, PhD, NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"McAuley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J.H. McAuley, PhD, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Nicholas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M.K. Nicholas, PhD, Pain Management Research Institute, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lois","family":"Tonkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L. Tonkin, BScPT, Pain Management Research Institute, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris J.","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.J. Stanton, BSc, Musculoskeletal Division, The George Institute for Global Health."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasha R.","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T.R. Stanton, PT, PhD, The Sansom Institute for Health Research, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, and Neuroscience Research Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Stafford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R. 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