{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:46:49Z","timestamp":1779929209299,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Providing adults with knowledge of results (KR) after each practice trial (100% KR) usually is found to be detrimental to motor skill learning compared with conditions in which feedback is less frequently provided. The effect of 100% KR on children's learning is less clear, with research showing that children with cerebral palsy benefit from less frequent KR, whereas children with typical development do not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was designed to examine the interaction of KR frequency and task complexity on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a novel throwing skill in fourth- and fifth-grade children with typical development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was an observational study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children threw beanbags for accuracy at an unseen target while walking or while standing still. These 2 levels of task complexity were crossed with 2 frequencies (33% and 100%) of KR provision. Following practice, retention tests without feedback were performed 5 minutes later and then 1 week later along with transfer tests to assess the generalizability of learning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analyses revealed that learning was improved on the easy version of the task when a 33% KR frequency was provided during practice. In contrast, in the difficult version, learning was facilitated by provision of a 100% KR frequency during practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Structuring practice conditions for children should take into account task complexity and feedback frequency in determining the cognitive challenge necessary for optimal skill learning. More generally, the findings suggest that practitioners teaching motor skills should design practice conditions in accordance with the cognitive processing capacity of the learner.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,16]],"date-time":"2012-03-16T05:35:26Z","timestamp":1331876126000},"page":"948-957","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Interaction of Feedback Frequency and Task Difficulty in Children's Motor Skill Learning"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Ben","family":"Sidaway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Occhiogrosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Schlagenhaufer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delany","family":"Wilkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020010102275146900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.95.3.355","article-title":"Knowledge of results and motor learning: a review and critical reappraisal","volume":"95","author":"Salmoni","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e318165948d","article-title":"A comparison of manual guidance and knowledge of results in the learning of a weight-bearing skill","volume":"32","author":"Sidaway","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/73.2.79","article-title":"The effect of frequency of kinetic feedback on learning an isometric force production task in non-disabled subjects","volume":"73","author":"Vander Linden","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1998.10607689","article-title":"Relative frequency of knowledge of performance and motor skill learning","volume":"69","author":"Weeks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.16.4.677","article-title":"Reduced frequency of knowledge of results enhances motor skill learning","volume":"16","author":"Winstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2010.00226","article-title":"Reduced frequency of knowledge of results enhances learning in persons with Parkinson's disease","volume":"1","author":"Chiviacowsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/oti.206","article-title":"Frequency of knowledge of results and motor learning in persons with developmental delay","volume":"13","author":"Rice","year":"2006","journal-title":"Occup Ther Int"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2009.09.002","article-title":"Effects of frequency of feedback on the learning of motor skill in individuals with cerebral palsy","volume":"31","author":"Hemayattalab","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20070196","article-title":"Motor learning in children: feedback effects on skill acquisition","volume":"88","author":"Sullivan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3200\/JMBR.36.2.212-224","article-title":"Challenge point: a framework for conceptualizing the effects of various practice conditions in motor learning","volume":"36","author":"Guadagnoli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000224028.93355.8c","article-title":"Factors in optimizing the learning environment for surgical training","volume":"449","author":"Gofton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2010.02.009","article-title":"Head movement kinematics during rapid aiming task performance in healthy and neck-pain participants: the importance of optimal task difficulty","volume":"15","author":"Descarreaux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307313508","article-title":"Determining the optimal challenge point for motor skill learning in adults with moderately severe Parkinson's disease","volume":"22","author":"Onla-or","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B14","first-page":"93","article-title":"Skill acquisition: action, movement, and neuromotor processes","volume-title":"Movement Science: Foundations for Physical Therapy in Rehabilitation","author":"Gentile","year":"1987"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B15","first-page":"111","article-title":"Skill acquisition: action, movement and neuromotor processes","volume-title":"Movement Science: Foundations for Physical Therapy in Rehabilitation","author":"Gentile","year":"2000","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-3626-6_6","article-title":"Frequent augmented feedback can degrade learning: evidence and interpretations","volume-title":"Tutorials in Motor Neuroscience","author":"Schmidt","year":"1991"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00029.x","article-title":"New conceptualizations of practice: common principles in three paradigms suggest new concepts for training","volume":"3","author":"Schmidt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08983","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline","volume":"464","author":"Bishop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020010102275146900_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822b0068","article-title":"Terminal decline and practice effects in older adults without dementia: the MoVIES project","volume":"77","author":"Dodge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/92\/7\/948\/31671181\/ptj0948.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/92\/7\/948\/31671181\/ptj0948.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T20:09:25Z","timestamp":1641240565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article\/92\/7\/948\/2735306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20110378","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9023","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-6724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]]}}}