{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:27:22Z","timestamp":1791998842635,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exercise confers short-term benefits for individuals with Parkinson disease (PD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of the study was to compare short- and long-term responses among 2 supervised exercise programs and a home-based control exercise program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 16-month randomized controlled exercise intervention investigated 3 exercise approaches: flexibility\/balance\/function exercise (FBF), supervised aerobic exercise (AE), and home-based exercise (control).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was conducted in outpatient clinics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The participants were 121 individuals with PD (Hoehn &amp; Yahr stages 1\u20133).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The FBF program (individualized spinal and extremity flexibility exercises followed by group balance\/functional training) was supervised by a physical therapist. The AE program (using a treadmill, bike, or elliptical trainer) was supervised by an exercise trainer. Supervision was provided 3 days per week for 4 months, and then monthly (16 months total). The control group participants exercised at home using the National Parkinson Foundation Fitness Counts program, with 1 supervised, clinic-based group session per month.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Outcomes, obtained by blinded assessors, were determined at 4, 10, and 16 months. The primary outcome measures were overall physical function (Continuous Scale\u2014Physical Functional Performance [CS-PFP]), balance (Functional Reach Test [FRT]), and walking economy (oxygen uptake [mL\/kg\/min]). Secondary outcome measures were symptom severity (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS] activities of daily living [ADL] and motor subscales) and quality of life (39-item Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Scale [PDQ-39]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 121 participants, 86.8%, 82.6%, and 79.3% completed 4, 10, and 16 months, respectively, of the intervention. At 4 months, improvement in CS-PFP scores was greater in the FBF group than in the control group (mean difference=4.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2 to 7.3) and the AE group (mean difference=3.1, 95% CI=0.0 to 6.2). Balance was not different among groups at any time point. Walking economy improved in the AE group compared with the FBF group at 4 months (mean difference=\u22121.2, 95% CI=\u22121.9 to \u22120.5), 10 months (mean difference=\u22121.2, 95% CI=\u22121.9 to \u22120.5), and 16 months (mean difference=\u22121.7, 95% CI=\u22122.5 to \u22121.0). The only secondary outcome that showed significant differences was UPDRS ADL subscale scores: the FBF group performed better than the control group at 4 months (mean difference=\u22121.47, 95% CI=\u22122.79 to \u22120.15) and 16 months (mean difference=\u22121.95, 95% CI=\u22123.84 to \u22120.08).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Absence of a non-exercise control group was a limitation of the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings demonstrated overall functional benefits at 4 months in the FBF group and improved walking economy (up to 16 months) in the AE group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,21]],"date-time":"2012-07-21T06:30:11Z","timestamp":1342852211000},"page":"1395-1410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Exercise for People in Early- or Mid-Stage Parkinson Disease: A 16-Month Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Margaret","family":"Schenkman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Schenkman, PT, PhD, FAPTA, Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop C-244, 13121 E 17th Ave, ED II South, Room L28\u20133106, Aurora, CO 80045 (USA)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D.A. Hall, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Rush Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Bar\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.E. Bar\u00f3n, PhD, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R.S. Schwartz, MD, Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Mettler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P. Mettler, BS, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy M.","family":"Kohrt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W.M. 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