{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:02:07Z","timestamp":1793642527311,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>Adhesive capsulitis is often difficult to diagnose in its early stage and to differentiate from other common shoulder disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>The aim of this study was to validate any or all of the 8 clinical identifiers of early-stage primary\/idiopathic adhesive capsulitis established in an earlier Delphi study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design<\/jats:title>This was a cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Sixty-four patients diagnosed with early-stage adhesive capsulitis by a physical therapist or medical practitioner were included in the study. Eight active and 8 passive shoulder movements and visual analog scale pain scores for each movement were recorded prior to and immediately following an intra-articular injection of corticosteroid and local anesthetic. Using the local anesthetic as the reference standard, pain relief of \u226570% for passive external rotation was deemed a positive anesthetic response (PAR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Sixteen participants (25%) demonstrated a PAR. Univariate logistic regression identified that of the proposed identifiers, global loss of passive range of movement (odds ratio [OR]=0.26, P=.03), pain at the end of range of all measured active movements (OR=0.06, P=.02), and global loss of passive glenohumeral movements (OR=0.23, P=.02) were associated with a PAR. Following stepwise removal of the variables, pain at the end of range of all measured active movements remained the only identifier but was associated with reduced odds of a PAR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Limitations<\/jats:title>The lack of a recognized reference standard for diagnosing early-stage adhesive capsulitis remains problematic in all related research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>None of the clinical identifiers for early-stage adhesive capsulitis previously proposed by expert consensus have been validated in this study. Clinicians should be aware that commonly used clinical identifiers may not be applicable to this stage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,21]],"date-time":"2014-03-21T04:39:17Z","timestamp":1395376757000},"page":"968-976","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Clinical Identifiers for Early-Stage Primary\/Idiopathic Adhesive Capsulitis: Are We Seeing the Real Picture?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Walmsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S. Walmsley, MAppSc(Ortho Physio), Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Osmotherly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P.G. 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