{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:38:26Z","timestamp":1792795106914,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The primary focus of rehabilitation for individuals with loss of upper limb movement as a result of acquired brain injury is the relearning of specific motor skills and daily tasks. This relearning is essential because the loss of upper limb movement often results in a reduced quality of life. Although rehabilitation strives to take advantage of neuroplastic processes during recovery, results of traditional approaches to upper limb rehabilitation have not entirely met this goal. In contrast, enriched training tasks, simulated with a wide range of low- to high-end virtual reality\u2013based simulations, can be used to provide meaningful, repetitive practice together with salient feedback, thereby maximizing neuroplastic processes via motor learning and motor recovery. Such enriched virtual environments have the potential to optimize motor learning by manipulating practice conditions that explicitly engage motivational, cognitive, motor control, and sensory feedback\u2013based learning mechanisms. The objectives of this article are to review motor control and motor learning principles, to discuss how they can be exploited by virtual reality training environments, and to provide evidence concerning current applications for upper limb motor recovery. The limitations of the current technologies with respect to their effectiveness and transfer of learning to daily life tasks also are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]],"date-time":"2014-09-12T01:50:18Z","timestamp":1410486618000},"page":"415-425","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":401,"title":["Emergence of Virtual Reality as a Tool for Upper Limb Rehabilitation: Incorporation of Motor Control and Motor Learning Principles"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Mindy F.","family":"Levin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"M.F. Levin, PT, PhD, School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, 3654 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y5, Canada, and Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, Quebec, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice L.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P.L. Weiss, OT, PhD, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Keshner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E.A. Keshner, PT, EdD, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Social Work, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"2019123008374475900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0968-1","volume-title":"Applying Virtual Reality Technologies to Motor Rehabilitation: Virtual Reality Technologies for Health and Clinical Applications","author":"Weiss","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00022-2","article-title":"Dynamic representational plasticity in sensory cortex","volume":"111","author":"Calford","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000196940.20446.c9","article-title":"Task-specific training with trunk restraint on arm recovery in stroke: randomized control trial","volume":"37","author":"Michaelsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960310010070","article-title":"Adaptive plasticity in motor cortex: implications for rehabilitation after brain injury","author":"Nudo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1996.tb01146.x","article-title":"Injury- and use-related plasticity in the primary sensory cortex of adult mammals: possible relationship to perceptual learning","volume":"23","author":"Irvine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B6","first-page":"347","article-title":"Technique to improve chronic motor deficit after stroke","volume":"74","author":"Taub","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.03.026","article-title":"A behavioral method for identifying recovery and compensation: hand use in a preclinical stroke model using the single pellet reaching task","volume":"37","author":"Alaverdashvili","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B8","first-page":"281","article-title":"\u201cLearned baduse\u201d limits recovery of skilled reaching for food after forelimb motor cortex stroke in rats: a new analysis of the effect of gestures on success","volume":"188","author":"Alaverdashvili","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S225","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/018)","article-title":"Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: implications for rehabilitation after brain damage","volume":"51","author":"Kleim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B10","volume-title":"The Co-ordination and Regulation of Movements","author":"Bernstein","year":"1967"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0004070X","article-title":"The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control","volume":"18","author":"Feldman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B12","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Motor Control","author":"Latash","year":"2012"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055392","article-title":"The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement","volume":"47","author":"Fitts","year":"1954","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2004.08.004","article-title":"Scaling affordances for human reach actions","volume":"23","author":"Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313510973","article-title":"Arm-trunk coordination for beyond-the-reach movments in adults with stroke","volume":"28","author":"Shaikh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2005.12.005","article-title":"Kinematic features of movement tunes perception and action coupling","volume":"169","author":"Pozzo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00041467","article-title":"What are \u201cnormal movements\u201d in atypical populations?","volume":"19","author":"Latash","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-001-0976-6","article-title":"Use of the trunk for reaching targets placed within and beyond the reach in adult hemiparesis","volume":"143","author":"Levin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B19","first-page":"287","article-title":"Space and time in the context of the equilibrium-point theory. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews","volume":"2","author":"Feldman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1166-x","article-title":"Primary motor cortical neurons encode functional muscle synergies","volume":"146","author":"Holdefer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.09.008","article-title":"Corticospinal control strategies underlying voluntary and involuntary wrist movements","volume":"236","author":"Ilmane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B22","volume-title":"Information, Natural Law, and the Self-assembly of Rhythmic Movement","author":"Kugler","year":"1987"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.30.1.212","article-title":"Decomposition of variability in the execuiton of goal-oriented tasks: three components of skill improvement","volume":"30","author":"Muller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B24","volume-title":"The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception","author":"Gibson","year":"1979"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.18.5.1058","article-title":"Time course of movement planning: selection of handgrips for object manipulation","volume":"18","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cog"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00143.2004","article-title":"Role of voluntary drive in encoding an elementary motor memory","volume":"93","author":"Kaelin-Lang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.11.015","article-title":"Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008","volume":"92","author":"Cicerone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2005.01330.x","article-title":"EFNS guidelines on cognitive rehabilitation: report of an EFNS task force","volume":"12","author":"Cappa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.11.976","article-title":"Impact of explicit information on implicit motor-sequence learning following middle cerebral artery stroke","volume":"83","author":"Boyd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00740-5","article-title":"Multisensory perception: beyond modularity and convergence","volume":"10","author":"Driver","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.010","article-title":"Shaping multisensory action-space with tools: evidence from patients with cross-modal extinction","volume":"43","author":"Farne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1038\/35784","article-title":"Rubber hands \u201cfeel\u201d touch that eyes see","volume":"391","author":"Botvinick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.032","article-title":"Neural correlates of crossmodal visual-tactile extinction and of tactile awareness revealed by fMRI in a right-hemisphere stroke patient","volume":"44","author":"Sarri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1162\/1054746053967094","article-title":"A SWOT analysis of the field of virtual reality rehabilitation and therapy","volume":"14","author":"Rizzo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Presence-Teleop Virt Envir"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-1998-11305","article-title":"Virtual reality applications to work","volume":"11","author":"Weiss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-1-10","article-title":"Motor rehabilitation using virtual reality","volume":"1","author":"Sveistrup","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1179\/108331909X12488667117339","article-title":"Video capture virtual reality: a decade of rehabilitation assessment and intervention","volume":"14","author":"Weiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys Ther Rev"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010343000183","article-title":"Analysis of assets for virtual reality applications in neuropsychology","volume":"14","author":"Rizzo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsych Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138","article-title":"Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments","volume":"364","author":"Slater","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phil Trans Roy Soc"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/82.9.898","article-title":"Virtual reality-augmented rehabilitation for patients following stroke","volume":"82","author":"Merians","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B41","first-page":"123","article-title":"Innovative approaches to the rehabilitation of upper extremity hemiparesis using virtual environments","volume":"45","author":"Merians","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2011.05.015","article-title":"Comparison of grasping movements made by healthy subjects in a 3-dimensional immersive virtual versus physical environment","volume":"138","author":"Magdalon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308328727","article-title":"What do motor \u201crecovery\u201d and \u201ccompensation\u201d mean in patients following stroke?","volume":"23","author":"Levin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.10.030","article-title":"Kinematics of pointing movements made in a virtual versus a physical 3-dimensional environment in healthy and stroke subjects","volume":"90","author":"Knaut","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-8-36","article-title":"Viewing medium affects arm motor performance in 3D virtual environments","volume":"8","author":"Subramanian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B46","first-page":"287","article-title":"Virtual reality based rehabilitation speeds up functional recovery of the upper extremities after stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study in the acute phase of stroke using the rehabilitation gaming system","volume":"29","author":"da Silva Cameir\u00e3o","year":"2011","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e3182566f3f","article-title":"Robots integrated with virtual reality simulations for customized motor training in a person with upper extremity hemiparesis: a case study","volume":"36","author":"Fluet","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B48","first-page":"105","article-title":"Non-immersive virtual reality for fine motor rehabilitation of functional activities in individuals with chronic stroke: a review","volume":"1","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Sci"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54925","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054925","article-title":"Sensorimotor recalibration depends on attribution of sensory prediction errors to internal causes","volume":"8","author":"Wilke","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-007-0239-1","article-title":"Interactive visuo-motor therapy system for stroke rehabilitation","volume":"45","author":"Eng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2238250","article-title":"Visuomotor discordance during visually-guided hand movement in virtual reality modulates sensorimotor cortical activity in healthy and hemiparetic subjects","volume":"21","author":"Tunik","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-92","article-title":"A \u201cvirtually minimal\u201d visuo-haptic training of attention in severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"10","author":"Dvorkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/378071a0","article-title":"Remodeling of hand representation in adult cortex determined by timing of tactile stimulation","volume":"378","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2004-14401","article-title":"Postural responses exhibit multisensory dependencies with discordant visual and support surface motion","volume":"14","author":"Keshner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6982","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-18-06982.2003","article-title":"Multisensory integration during motor planning","volume":"23","author":"Sober","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2000-104-505","article-title":"The influence of an immersive virtual environment on the segmental organization of postural stabilizing responses","volume":"10","author":"Keshner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312449695","article-title":"Arm-motor recovery using a virtual reality intervention in chronic stroke: randomized control trial","volume":"27","author":"Subramanian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313498649","article-title":"Error augmentation enhancing arm recovery in individuals with chronic stroke: a randomized crossover design","volume":"28","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(03)00203-X","article-title":"A virtual reality environment for evaluation of a daily living skill in brain injury rehabilitation: reliability and validity","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280500076079","article-title":"Interactive virtual environment training for safe street crossing of right hemisphere stroke patients with unilateral spatial neglect","volume":"27","author":"Katz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090061","article-title":"Cognitive load and dual task performance during locomotion post stroke: a feasibility study using a functional virtual environment","volume":"90","author":"Kizony","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00031","article-title":"Does virtual reality enhance exercise performance, enjoyment, and dissociation: an exploratory study on a stationary bike apparatus","volume":"20","author":"Mestre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.08.153","article-title":"In-home virtual reality videogame telerehabilitation in adolescents with hemiplegic cerebral palsy","volume":"91","author":"Golomb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.01.0023","article-title":"Video-capture virtual reality system for patients with paraplegic spinal cord injury","volume":"42","author":"Kizony","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e318227ca0f","article-title":"An intensive virtual reality program improves functional balance and mobility of adolescents with cerebral palsy","volume":"23","author":"Brien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B66","first-page":"113","article-title":"Intervention using the VMall for improving motor and functional ability of the upper extremity in post stroke participants","volume":"45","author":"Rand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2235184","article-title":"Effectiveness of executive functions training within a virtual supermarket for adults with traumatic brain injury: a pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Jacoby","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neur Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-012-0003-9","article-title":"Virtual reality versus conventional treatment of reaching ability in chronic stroke: clinical feasibility study","volume":"1","author":"Levin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1402-52","article-title":"Virtual reality in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review of its effectiveness for upper limb motor recovery","volume":"14","author":"Henderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080062","article-title":"Use of a low-cost, commercially available gaming console (Wii) for rehabilitation of an adolescent with cerebral palsy","volume":"88","author":"Deutsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.3109\/09638281003734359","article-title":"Nature, timing, frequency and type of augmented feedback; does it influence motor relearning of the hemiparetic arm after stroke: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Molier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.670029","article-title":"Designing informed game-based rehabilitation tasks leveraging advances in virtual reality","volume":"34","author":"Lange","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1338-1_14","article-title":"Deficits in spatial threshold control of muscle activation as a window for rehabilitation after brain injury","volume-title":"Progress in Motor Control: Skill Learning, Performance, Health, and Injury","author":"Levin","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.10.021","article-title":"When is virtual reality \u201ctherapy\u201d?","volume":"94","author":"Levac","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B75","first-page":"63","article-title":"Virtual reality use in motor rehabilitation of neurological disorders: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Rahman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Middle East J Sci Res"},{"issue":"pt 1","key":"2019123008374475900_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.1.281","article-title":"Interjoint coordination during pointing movements is disrupted in spastic hemiparesis","volume":"119","author":"Levin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.27.6.1314","article-title":"Accommodation, occlusion and diparity matching are used to guide reaching: a comparison of actual versus virtual environments","volume":"27","author":"Bingham","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"key":"2019123008374475900_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0277-6","article-title":"Control of hand orientation and arm movement during reach and grasp","volume":"171","author":"Fan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/95\/3\/415\/31636477\/ptj0415.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/95\/3\/415\/31636477\/ptj0415.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]],"date-time":"2023-07-16T10:21:03Z","timestamp":1689502863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article\/95\/3\/415\/2686558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20130579","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9023","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-6724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]}}}