{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T19:49:46Z","timestamp":1785008986654,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This perspective article provides a justification for and an overview of the use of narrative as a pedagogical tool for educators to help physical therapist students, residents, and clinicians develop skills of reflection and reflexivity in clinical practice. The use of narratives is a pedagogical approach that provides a reflective and interpretive framework for analyzing and making sense of texts, stories, and other experiences within learning environments. This article describes reflection as a well-established method to support critical analysis of clinical experiences; to assist in uncovering different perspectives of patients, families, and health care professionals involved in patient care; and to broaden the epistemological basis (ie, sources of knowledge) for clinical practice. The article begins by examining how phronetic (ie, practical and contextual) knowledge and ethical knowledge are used in physical therapy to contribute to evidence-based practice. Narrative is explored as a source of phronetic and ethical knowledge that is complementary but irreducible to traditional objective and empirical knowledge\u2014the type of clinical knowledge that forms the basis of scientific training. The central premise is that writing narratives is a cognitive skill that should be learned and practiced to develop critical reflection for expert practice. The article weaves theory with practical application and strategies to foster narrative in education and practice. The final section of the article describes the authors' experiences with examples of integrating the tools of narrative into an educational program, into physical therapist residency programs, and into a clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20140085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T10:33:57Z","timestamp":1418985237000},"page":"924-933","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Power and Promise of Narrative for Advancing Physical Therapist Education and Practice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Bruce H.","family":"Greenfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"B.H. Greenfield, PT, PhD, MA(Bioethics), Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Rd NE, Suite 312, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail M.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.M. Jensen, PT, PhD, FAPTA, Department of Physical Therapy, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare M.","family":"Delany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.M. Delany, PT, PhD, School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Mostrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E. Mostrom, PT, PhD, Department of Physical Therapy, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Knab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Knab, PT, DPT, PhD, Department of Physical Therapy, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Jampel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. Jampel, PT, MS, MGH Institute of Health Professions."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"2019123006582762800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3109\/09593989609036428","article-title":"Evidence based practice: Practice based evidence","volume":"12","author":"Harrison","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/095939801317077650","article-title":"Evidence-based practice: imperfect but necessary","volume":"17","author":"Herbert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B3","unstructured":"Hooked on Evidence. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association; 2013. Available at: http:\/\/www.hookedonevidence.org. Accessed August 27, 2013."},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.2011.mcmillan.lecture","article-title":"42nd Mary McMillan Lecture. Learning: what matters most","volume":"91","author":"Jensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B5","volume-title":"Physiotherapy: A Psychosocial Approach","author":"French","year":"2004","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B6","volume-title":"The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action","author":"Sch\u00f6n","year":"1983"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/55.10.1069","article-title":"Tenth Mary McMillan Lecture: The not-so-impossible dream","volume":"55","author":"Hislop","year":"1975","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/00001416-201307000-00003","article-title":"16th Annual Pauline Cerasoli Lecture. Life lessons: teaching for learning that lasts","volume":"27","author":"Mostrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Educ"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/80.11.1112","article-title":"Thirty-First Mary McMillan lecture. A time to harvest, a time to sow: ethics for a shifting landscape","volume":"80","author":"Purtilo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.2007.mcmillan.lecture","article-title":"Thirty-Eighth Mary McMillan Lecture. Are you waving or drowning?","volume":"11","author":"Shepard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1179\/1743288X12Y.0000000046","article-title":"Phenomenology: a powerful tool for patient-centered rehabilitation","volume":"17","author":"Greenfield","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Ther Rev"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B12","first-page":"32","article-title":"Teaching and learning in academic settings","volume-title":"Handbook of Teaching and Learning for Physical Therapists","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2006.10.002","article-title":"Facilitating reflective practice and self-assessment of competence through the use of narratives","volume":"7","author":"Levett-Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Prac"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674029019","volume-title":"Actual Minds, Possible Worlds","author":"Bruner","year":"1986"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195166750.001.0001","volume-title":"Narrative Medicine: Honoring the Stories of Illness","author":"Charon","year":"2006"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B16","volume-title":"Expertise in Nursing Practice: Caring, Clinical Judgment, and Ethics","author":"Benner","year":"1996"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B17","volume-title":"At the Will of the Body: Reflections on Illness","author":"Frank","year":"2002"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B18","volume-title":"Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences","author":"Polkinghorne","year":"1988"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B19","volume-title":"Democracy and Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education","author":"Dewey","year":"1944"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/0022167883232011","article-title":"Reflective learning key to learning from experience","volume":"23","author":"Boyd","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Humanistic Psychol"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B21","volume-title":"Becoming a Reflective Practitioner","author":"Johns","year":"2009","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-051X(94)00012-U","article-title":"Reflection in teacher education: towards definitions and implementation","volume":"11","author":"Hatton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Teaching Teaching Educ"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B23","volume-title":"Reflection: Turning Experience Into Learning","author":"Boud","year":"2005"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1177\/016146819009100401","article-title":"Beyond the lonely, choosing will: professional development in teacher thinking","volume":"91","author":"Buchmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Teach Coll Rec"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31823b55fa","article-title":"Fostering and evaluating reflective capacity in medical education: developing the REFLECT rubric for assessing reflective writing","volume":"87","author":"Wald","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31823a59c7","article-title":"A sense of story, or why teach reflective writing?","volume":"87","author":"Charon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B27","volume-title":"Fostering Critical Reflection in Adulthood: A Guide to Transformative and Emancipatory Learning","author":"Mezirow","year":"1990"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/095939800307566","article-title":"Guided reflection: a framework to facilitate and assess reflective practice within the discipline of physiotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Donaghy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-008-9128-0","article-title":"A study of critical reflection in health professional education: \u201clearning where others are coming from.\u201d","volume":"14","author":"Delaney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B30","first-page":"3","article-title":"Critical reflection in clinical education: beyond the \u201cswampy lowlands.\u201d","volume-title":"Clinical Education in the Health Professions","author":"Delany","year":"2009"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B31","volume-title":"Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods","author":"Patton","year":"2002","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B32","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Nichomachean Ethics","author":"Aristotle","year":"1953"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7023.71","article-title":"Evidence-based medicine: what it is and what it isn't","volume":"312","author":"Sackett","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511810503","volume-title":"Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How It Can Succeed Again","author":"Flyvbjerg","year":"2001"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B35","first-page":"123","article-title":"Expertise and clinical reasoning","volume-title":"Clinical Reasoning in the Health Professions","author":"Jensen","year":"2008"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/80.1.28","article-title":"Expert practice in physical therapy","volume":"80","author":"Jensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.12.1090","article-title":"Using clinical outcomes to explore the theory of expert practice in physical therapy","volume":"83","author":"Resnik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-141600214-7.50019-7","article-title":"Clinical reasoning and expert practice","volume-title":"Expertise in Physical Therapy Practice","author":"Edwards","year":"2007"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B39","unstructured":"Clinical recognition program. Massachusetts General Hospital website. Available at: http:\/\/www.mghpcs.org\/ipc\/programs\/Recognition\/Index.asp."},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B40","volume-title":"Ethical Dimensions in the Health Professions","author":"Purtilo","year":"2013","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B41","first-page":"191","article-title":"Mindfulness: Applications for teaching and learning in ethics education","volume-title":"Educating for Moral Action: A Sourcebook in Health and Rehabilitation","author":"Jensen","year":"2005"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31826735fc","article-title":"Renowned physicians' perceptions of expert diagnostic practice","volume":"87","author":"Mylopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2008.03030.x","article-title":"Effects of reflective practice on the accuracy of medical diagnoses","volume":"42","author":"Mamede","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0209","article-title":"The reflective practitioner: reaching for excellence in practice","volume":"116","author":"Plack","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7179.323","article-title":"Narrative based medicine in an evidence-based world","volume":"318","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B46","volume-title":"The Discourse of Medicine: The Dialectics of Medical Interviews","author":"Mishler","year":"1984"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B47","volume-title":"A Call of Stories. Teaching and the Moral Imagination","author":"Coles","year":"1990"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B48","volume-title":"The Illness Narrative. Suffering, Healing & the Human Condition","author":"Kleinman","year":"1988"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35482","article-title":"Narrative medicine in clinical genetics practice","volume":"158","author":"Nowacyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-3991(04)00237-X","article-title":"Sharing stories: narrative medicine in an evidence-based world","volume":"54","author":"Hatem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B51","article-title":"The narrative nature of clinical reasoning","volume-title":"Clinical Reasoning: Forms of Inquiry in a Therapeutic Practice","author":"Mattingly","year":"1994"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6209-188-7_3","article-title":"Professional preparation for practice","volume-title":"Realising Exemplary Practice-Based Education","author":"Royeen","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B53","first-page":"199","article-title":"A method for assessing reflective journal writing","volume":"34","author":"Plack","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Allied Health"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6209-188-7_17","article-title":"The role of narrative in professional formation for students","volume-title":"Realising Exemplary Practice-Based Education","author":"Greenfield","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B55","volume-title":"The Wisdom of Practice: Essays on Teaching, Learning and Learning to Teach","author":"Shulman","year":"2004"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B56","volume-title":"Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods","author":"Gibbs","year":"1988"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.8.39.48.s64","article-title":"Reflective practice (continuing education credit)","volume":"8","author":"Atkins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nurs Stand"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B58","first-page":"34","article-title":"Using a reflective model of nursing and guided reflection","volume":"11","author":"Johns","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nurs Stand"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B59","volume-title":"Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development","author":"Kolb","year":"1984"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2009.11.005","article-title":"Becoming a person: hermeneutic phenomenology's contribution","volume":"30","author":"Guignon","year":"2012","journal-title":"New Ideas Psychol"},{"key":"2019123006582762800_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1075\/jnlh.5.2.01mod","article-title":"Models of narrative analysis: a typology","volume":"5","author":"Mishler","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Narr Life Hist"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/95\/6\/924\/31635013\/ptj0924.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/95\/6\/924\/31635013\/ptj0924.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T23:55:29Z","timestamp":1717631729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article\/95\/6\/924\/2686376"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20140085","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9023","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-6724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]}}}