{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:56:39Z","timestamp":1785322599482,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fibromyalgia is a common chronic pain condition that has a significant impact on quality of life and often leads to disability. To date, there have been few well-controlled trials assessing the utility of nonpharmacological treatment modalities such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the management of pain and improvement in function in individuals with fibromyalgia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study will be to complete a long-term, multicenter study to assess the effects of TENS in women with fibromyalgia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This will be a phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three hundred forty-three participants with fibromyalgia will be recruited for this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants will be randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: the intervention (TENS), placebo, or no treatment. After completing the randomized period, all participants will receive the intervention for 1 month. The participants will be asked to use TENS at the highest tolerable level for at least 2 hours daily during physical activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome will be pain with movement, with secondary outcomes assessing functional abilities, patient-reported outcomes, and quantitative sensory testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>Because having participants refrain from their typical medications is not practical, their usage and any change in medication use will be recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this study will provide some of the first evidence from a large-scale, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on the effectiveness of TENS on pain control and quality-of-life changes in patients with fibromyalgia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20140218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]],"date-time":"2014-09-12T05:50:18Z","timestamp":1410501018000},"page":"129-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Pain, Function, and Quality of Life in Fibromyalgia: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Noehren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"B. Noehren, PT, PhD, Division of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana L.","family":"Dailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D.L. Dailey, PT, PhD, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Rakel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B.A. Rakel, RN, PhD, College of Nursing, University of Iowa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol G.T.","family":"Vance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.G.T. Vance, PT, PhD, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, University of Iowa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam B.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M.B. Zimmerman, PhD, Biostatistics, University of Iowa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie J.","family":"Crofford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L.J. Crofford, MD, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Sluka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.A. Sluka, PT, PhD, FAPTA, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52422-1089 (USA)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"2019123005275852300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20140","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity","volume":"62","author":"Wolfe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3959(02)00344-5","article-title":"Temporal summation of pain from mechanical stimulation of muscle tissue in normal controls and subjects with fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"102","author":"Staud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00325-1","article-title":"Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) attenuate temporal summation of second pain in normal males but not in normal females or fibromyalgia patients","volume":"101","author":"Staud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(96)03295-2","article-title":"Modulatory influence on somatosensory perception from vibration and heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation (HNCS) in fibromyalgia patients and healthy subjects","volume":"70","author":"Kosek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10103","article-title":"Confirmation of an association between fibromyalgia and serotonin transporter promoter region (5- HTTLPR) polymorphism, and relationship to anxiety-related personality traits","volume":"46","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2720","article-title":"Developments in the scientific and clinical understanding of fibromyalgia","volume":"11","author":"Buskila","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.006","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: an overview","volume":"122","author":"Clauw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2008.06.005","article-title":"Patient perspectives on the impact of fibromyalgia","volume":"73","author":"Arnold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.01.355","article-title":"Fear of movement: factor structure of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Burwinkle","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B10","first-page":"CD003786","article-title":"Exercise for treating fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Busch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B11","first-page":"2270","article-title":"Fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Mease","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00112-3","article-title":"Modulation of pressure pain thresholds during and following isometric contraction in patients with fibromyalgia and in healthy controls","volume":"64","author":"Kosek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B13","first-page":"333","article-title":"Adherence during an individualized home based 12-week exercise program in women with fibromyalgia","volume":"33","author":"Dobkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.08.007","article-title":"Isometric exercise has opposite effects on central pain mechanisms in fibromyalgia patients compared to normal controls","volume":"118","author":"Staud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)38209-6","article-title":"Spinal blockade of opioid receptors prevents the analgesia produced by TENS in arthritic rats","volume":"289","author":"Sluka","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29376-9","article-title":"Blockade of opioid receptors in rostral ventral medulla prevents antihyperalgesia produced by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)","volume":"298","author":"Kalra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000629","article-title":"Reduction in inflammation-induced sensitization of dorsal horn neurons by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in anesthetized rats","volume":"137","author":"Ma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.06.056","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at both high and low frequencies activates ventrolateral periaqueductal grey to decrease mechanical hyperalgesia in arthritic rats","volume":"163","author":"DeSantana","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1067\/S1526-5900(03)00780-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on postoperative pain with movement","volume":"4","author":"Rakel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B20","first-page":"CD002823","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for knee osteoarthritis","volume":"4","author":"Osiri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.02.007","article-title":"Efficacy of electrical nerve stimulation for chronic musculoskeletal pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"130","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-3801(02)00098-8","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) can reduce postoperative analgesic consumption: a meta-analysis with assessment of optimal treatment parameters for postoperative pain","volume":"7","author":"Bjordal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.07.043","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces pain, fatigue and hyperalgesia while restoring central inhibition in primary fibromyalgia","volume":"154","author":"Dailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B24","volume-title":"Handbook of Pain Assessment","author":"Turk","year":"1992"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/82.2.128","article-title":"Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and gait speeds","volume":"82","author":"Steffen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M192","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/45.6.M192","article-title":"Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance","volume":"45","author":"Duncan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20120281","article-title":"What makes transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation work: making sense of the mixed results in the clinical literature","volume":"93","author":"Sluka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3959(02)00381-0","article-title":"Development of opioid tolerance with repeated transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation administration","volume":"102","author":"Chandran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.07.003","article-title":"Reduced analgesic effect of acupuncture-like TENS but not conventional TENS in opioid-treated patients","volume":"12","author":"Leonard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.027","article-title":"Modulation between high- and low-frequency transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation delays the development of analgesic tolerance in arthritic rats","volume":"89","author":"DeSantana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.02.352","article-title":"Hypoalgesia in response to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) depends on stimulation intensity","volume":"12","author":"Moran","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.07.007","article-title":"A new transient sham TENS device allows for investigator blinding while delivering a true placebo treatment","volume":"11","author":"Rakel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.11.001","article-title":"Adjusting pulse amplitude during transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) application produces greater hypoalgesia","volume":"12","author":"Pantaleao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2915-3","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Clinical Trials","author":"Friedman","year":"1998","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110183","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain, pain sensitivity, and function in people with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"92","author":"Vance","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.10.040","article-title":"An investigation of the development of analgesic tolerance to TENS in humans","volume":"152","author":"Liebano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.12.004","article-title":"An investigation of the hypoalgesic effects of TENS delivered by a glove electrode","volume":"10","author":"Cowan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90104-W","article-title":"Is TENS purely a placebo effect: a controlled study on chronic low back pain","volume":"54","author":"Marchand","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B39","article-title":"Repeated applications of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulatoin (TENS) produce cumulative effects on chronic clinical pain but not acute experimental pain in chronic low back pain patients","author":"Cheing"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215504cr760oa","article-title":"Would the addition of TENS to exercise training produce better physical performance outcomes in people with knee osteoarthritis than either intervention alone?","volume":"18","author":"Cheing","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6942(03)00033-0","article-title":"Chronic diffuse musculoskeletal pain, fibromyalgia and co-morbid unexplained clinical conditions","volume":"17","author":"Aaron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R55","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2967","article-title":"Effects of lifestyle physical activity on perceived symptoms and physical function in adults with fibromyalgia: results of a randomized trial","volume":"12","author":"Fontaine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e31820e7ea7","article-title":"Effects of lifestyle physical activity in adults with fibromyalgia: results at follow-up","volume":"17","author":"Fontaine","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-008-0080-z","article-title":"Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treatment of hyperalgesia and pain","volume":"10","author":"DeSantana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.03.013","article-title":"A 14-week, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled monotherapy trial of pregabalin in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"9","author":"Arnold","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00755.x","article-title":"Durability of therapeutic response to milnacipran treatment for fibromyalgia: results of a randomized, double-blind, monotherapy 6-month extension study","volume":"11","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080734","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of milnacipran for treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [erratum in: J Rheumatol. 2009;36:661]","volume":"36","author":"Mease","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.08m00680","article-title":"Efficacy of duloxetine in patients with fibromyalgia: pooled analysis of 4 placebo-controlled clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"Arnold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33360","article-title":"Development of responder definitions for fibromyalgia clinical trials","volume":"64","author":"Arnold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1179\/108331905X55776","article-title":"Visual analogue scale, numeric rating scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire: an overview of psychometric properties","volume":"10","author":"Kahl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys Ther Rev"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2003.12.005","article-title":"Validation of the brief pain inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain","volume":"5","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R120","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2783","article-title":"The Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR): validation and psychometric properties [erratum in: Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11:415]","volume":"11","author":"Bennett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1179\/jmt.2009.17.3.163","article-title":"Global rating of change scales: a review of strengths and weaknesses and considerations for design","volume":"17","author":"Kamper","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Man Manip Ther"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","article-title":"International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity","volume":"35","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B55","first-page":"639","article-title":"Comparison of self-reported fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis and controls","volume":"22","author":"Belza","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005548801037","article-title":"The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: further psychometric evaluation with adult samples","volume":"23","author":"Osman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.12.008","article-title":"The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire: taking pain into account","volume":"11","author":"Nicholas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199401000-00004","article-title":"The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), III: tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups","volume":"32","author":"McHorney","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2003.11.016","article-title":"The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia: further examination of psychometric properties in patients with chronic low back pain and fibromyalgia","volume":"8","author":"Roelofs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.01.008","article-title":"Fear of movement and (re)injury in chronic musculoskeletal pain: evidence for an invariant two-factor model of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia across pain diagnoses and Dutch, Swedish, and Canadian samples","volume":"131","author":"Roelofs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1054\/math.2002.0484","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia and the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire in acute low back pain","volume":"8","author":"Swinkels-Meewisse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.27397","article-title":"Physical performance tasks: what are the underlying constructs?","volume":"83","author":"Novy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199811150-00011","article-title":"Psychometric characteristics and clinical usefulness of physical performance tests in patients with low back pain","volume":"23","author":"Simmonds","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215509335018","article-title":"How to measure balance in clinical practice: a systematic review of the psychometrics and clinical utility of measures of balance activity for neurological conditions","volume":"23","author":"Tyson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2008.04.006","article-title":"Changes in pressure pain thresholds over C5\u2013C6 zygapophyseal joint after a cervicothoracic junction manipulation in healthy subjects","volume":"31","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.09.019","article-title":"Contribution of the local and referred pain from active myofascial trigger points in fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"147","author":"Ge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/85.10.1085","article-title":"A comparison of pressure pain detection thresholds in people with chronic low back pain and volunteers without pain","volume":"85","author":"Giesbrecht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0813-2","article-title":"Relationship between low-back pain, muscle spasm and pressure pain thresholds in patients with lumbar disc herniation","volume":"15","author":"Hirayama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2007.07.014","article-title":"Changes in pressure pain sensitivity in latent myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle after a cervical spine manipulation in pain-free subjects","volume":"30","author":"Ruiz-S\u00e1ez","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119942283","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation and Its Application","author":"Carpenter","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019123005275852300_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470510445","volume-title":"Missing Data in Clinical Studies","author":"Molenberghs","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/95\/1\/129\/31633652\/ptj0129.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/95\/1\/129\/31633652\/ptj0129.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T16:03:35Z","timestamp":1746374615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article\/95\/1\/129\/2686507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20140218","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9023","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-6724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]}}}