{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T13:05:56Z","timestamp":1767359156069,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijdvl.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJDVL"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polymorphic light eruption (PMLE) is mediated by a type IVc delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induced neoantigens. While UVR normally exerts an immunosuppressive effect with increased regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and an accentuated T helper 2 (Th2) response, PMLE shows a heightened Th1 response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Existent data in PMLE suggests a Th1-skewed immune response with reduced Treg numbers and function, lack of Langerhans cells activity, and increased CD8+ resident memory T-cells. Keratinocytes (KCs) contribute to inflammation by releasing interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-alpha (VEGF-\u03b1), and adhesion molecules, which facilitate various immune cell infiltration. The disturbed cytokine milieu with elevated IL-1, IL-12, IL-31, IL-36, IL-15, interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3), and decreased IL-4 and IL-10, contributes to disease pathogenesis. IL-15 accounts for the recurrence of lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Various drugs, including immunosuppressive agents and antioxidants, have been tried in PMLE with limited evidence. Emerging therapies include cytokine-targeting agents and Janus kinase inhibitors such as tofacitinib, which modulate cytokine milieu via Janus kinase\/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK\/STAT) pathways. Eradication of microbiota is a novel concept that mitigates the cytokine imbalance. Photohardening with narrow band ultraviolet B (NBUVB) or ultraviolet A (UVA) is believed to be effective as it enhances Treg activity. We emphasise the need for further cytokine profiling in PMLE to tailor targeted therapies, as there is an increasing evidence of a Th1 cytokine overexpression which is not curtailed by Treg cells, and thus, drugs targeting the implicated cytokines would achieve long-term results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijdvl_1191_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T06:22:07Z","timestamp":1766211727000},"page":"1-7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunopathogenesis of polymorphic light eruption, role of cytokines, effector and regulatory T-cells and its therapeutic implications"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"0","author":[{"given":"Kabir","family":"Sardana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences & Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Savitha","family":"Sharath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences & Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arunesh Padmini","family":"Kathirvelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences & Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae464","article-title":"Skin microbiome dynamics in patients with polymorphic light eruption in response to ultraviolet radiation","volume":"192","author":"Amar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18364","article-title":"Association of polymorphous light eruption with NOD-2 and TLR-5 gene polymorphisms","volume":"36","author":"Kurz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8497","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.18.8497","article-title":"UV exposure reduces immunization rates and promotes tolerance to epicutaneous antigens in humans: Relationship to dose, CD1a-DR+ epidermal macrophage induction, and Langerhans cell depletion","volume":"89","author":"Cooper","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.8.3783","article-title":"A cytokine cascade including prostaglandin E2, IL-4, and IL-10 is responsible for UV-induced systemic immune suppression","volume":"160","author":"Shreedhar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7234-3691-1.00014-3","article-title":"Helper T-cell subsets and control of the inflammatory response","volume-title":"Clinical immunology Clinical immunology","author":"Eagar","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5488","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400985","article-title":"Homeostasis of thymus-derived Foxp3+ regulatory T cells is controlled by ultraviolet B exposure in the skin","volume":"193","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30S","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12315219","article-title":"Modulation of immunity by ultraviolet radiation: Key effects on antigen presentation","volume":"105","author":"Ullrich","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12326032","article-title":"In human dermis, ultraviolet radiation induces expansion of a CD36+ CD11b+ CD1- macrophage subset by infiltration and proliferation; CD1+ Langerhans-like dendritic antigen-presenting cells are concomitantly depleted","volume":"105","author":"Meunier","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5548","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900235","article-title":"Epidermal langerhans cells are not required for UV-induced immunosuppression","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02964.x","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor-alpha induces Langerhans cell migration in humans","volume":"141","author":"Cumberbatch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1997.00360.x","article-title":"Langerhans cells require signals from both tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta for migration","volume":"92","author":"Cumberbatch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030050193","article-title":"Interleukin 1 beta and the stimulation of Langerhans cell migration: Comparisons with tumour necrosis factor alpha","volume":"289","author":"Cumberbatch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.1996.tb00131.x","article-title":"Exposure of UVB-sensitive mice to immunosuppressive doses of UVB in vivo fails to affect the accessory function or the phenotype of draining lymph node dendritic cells","volume":"5","author":"Lappin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13128","article-title":"Are there differences in immune responses following delivery of vaccines through acutely or chronically sun-exposed compared with sun-unexposed skin?","volume":"159","author":"Hart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.8.3732","article-title":"Ultraviolet B radiation induces a transient appearance of IL-4+ neutrophils, which support the development of Th2 responses","volume":"168","author":"Teunissen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14040308","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation-induced tolerogenic dendritic cells in skin: Insights and mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Ghajar-Rahimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70013-r","article-title":"Immune sensitization against epidermal antigens in polymorphous light eruption","volume":"24","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Amaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15200","article-title":"Aberrant gene expression with deficient apoptotic keratinocyte clearance may predispose to polymorphic light eruption","volume":"177","author":"Lembo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1999.00625.x","article-title":"CD11b+ cells and ultraviolet-B-resistant CD1a+ cells in skin of patients with polymorphous light eruption","volume":"113","author":"K\u00f6lgen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555574283285","article-title":"Heat shock protein 65 immunoreactivity in experimentally induced polymorphic light eruption","volume":"74","author":"McFadden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12616175","article-title":"Adhesion molecule expression in polymorphic light eruption","volume":"99","author":"Norris","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202X.2004.22201.x","article-title":"Ultraviolet-radiation-induced erythema and suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses in patients with polymorphic light eruption","volume":"122","author":"van de Pas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.3.295","article-title":"Differential expression of cytokines in UV-B-exposed skin of patients with polymorphous light eruption: Correlation with Langerhans cell migration and immunosuppression","volume":"140","author":"K\u00f6lgen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.181","article-title":"UV-induced tolerance to a contact allergen is impaired in polymorphic light eruption","volume":"130","author":"Koulu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2013.866105","article-title":"Ultraviolet B irradiation induces skin accumulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells: A possible role for chemerin","volume":"47","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2007.00267.x","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are absent in skin lesions of polymorphic light eruption","volume":"23","author":"Wackernagel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12608","article-title":"T regulatory cells and related immunoregulatory factors in polymorphic light eruption following ultraviolet A1 challenge","volume":"169","author":"Gambichler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14866","article-title":"Cutaneous infiltration of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and T regulatory cells in skin lesions of polymorphic light eruption","volume":"32","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908047","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.908047","article-title":"Accumulation of cytotoxic skin resident memory T cells and increased expression of IL-15 in lesional skin of polymorphic light eruption","volume":"9","author":"Patra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22734.x","article-title":"Decreased neutrophil skin infiltration after UVB exposure in patients with polymorphous light eruption","volume":"123","author":"Schornagel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18092","article-title":"CD11b\u207a cells markedly express the itch cytokine interleukin-31 in polymorphic light eruption","volume":"181","author":"Patra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12687","article-title":"Mast cells are required for phototolerance induction and scratching abatement","volume":"24","author":"Schweintzger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12427","article-title":"Photohardening of polymorphic light eruption patients decreases baseline epidermal Langerhans cell density while increasing mast cell numbers in the papillary dermis","volume":"23","author":"Wolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-34","first-page":"233","article-title":"Differentiation and functions of CD4\u207a effector T cells","volume-title":"Cellular and molecular immunology","author":"Abbas","year":"2021","edition":"10th ed"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1039\/c7pp00142h","article-title":"Polymorphic light eruption and IL-1 family members: Any difference with allergic contact dermatitis?","volume":"16","author":"Lembo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1987.tb05852.x","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine in polymorphic light eruption: A controlled trial with drug and visual sensitivity monitoring","volume":"116","author":"Murphy","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.38401","article-title":"Comparative study of efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in polymorphic light eruption: A randomized, double-blind, multicentric study","volume":"74","author":"Pareek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1529-8019.2003.01605.x","article-title":"Polymorphic light eruption","volume":"16","author":"Tutrone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2017.04.004","article-title":"Successful short desensitization treatment protocol with narrowband UVB phototherapy (TL-01) in polymorphic light eruption","volume":"108","author":"Sartorio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12310","article-title":"Phototherapy and photochemotherapy for polymorphic light eruption desensitization: A five-year case series review from a university teaching hospital","volume":"33","author":"Aslam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06690.x","article-title":"Normalized ultraviolet (UV) induction of Langerhans cell depletion and neutrophil infiltrates after artificial UVB hardening of patients with polymorphic light eruption","volume":"152","author":"Janssens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13930","article-title":"Levels and function of regulatory T cells in patients with polymorphic light eruption: Relation to photohardening","volume":"173","author":"Schweintzger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1039\/c2pp25187f","article-title":"Phototherapeutic hardening modulates systemic cytokine levels in patients with polymorphic light eruption","volume":"12","author":"Wolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5370","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15108","article-title":"Update on pharmacology, actions, dosimetry and regimens of oral glucocorticoids in dermatology","volume":"21","author":"Sardana","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03840.x","article-title":"Efficacy of short-course oral prednisolone in polymorphic light eruption: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"143","author":"Patel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-46","first-page":"113","article-title":"Is topical steroid effective in polymorphic light eruption?","volume":"143","author":"Man","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_280_20","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine in dermatology and beyond: recent update","volume":"11","author":"Sardana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1982.tb00409.x","article-title":"Controlled therapeutic trials in polymorphic light eruption","volume":"107","author":"Corbett","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04063.x","article-title":"Polymorphic light eruption treated with cyclosporin","volume":"144","author":"Shipley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1989.01670220073011","article-title":"Successful treatment of severe polymorphous light eruption with azathioprine","volume":"125","author":"Norris","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1976.tb00577.x","article-title":"Polymorphous light eruption: Treatment with thalidomide","volume":"17","author":"Saul","year":"1976","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12814","article-title":"Polymorphous light eruption treated with omalizumab","volume":"39","author":"Sope\u00f1a","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200304060-00004","article-title":"Management of polymorphous light eruption: Clinical course, pathogenesis, diagnosis and intervention","volume":"4","author":"Fesq","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1089\/derm.2023.0360","article-title":"Tofacitinib: A treatment option for recalcitrant polymorphic light eruption and its mechanistic rationale","volume":"35","author":"Sardana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-025-04088-z","article-title":"Therapy resistant hypertrophic lichen planus and its response to oral tofacitinib with a priori tissue cytokine expression: A real-world hospital-based study","volume":"317","author":"Sharath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03438-7","article-title":"Th1 and Th2 cytokine expression in hyperkeratotic chronic hand eczema and the role of tofacitinib, an oral JAK inhibitor","volume":"316","author":"Sardana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15034","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.15034","article-title":"Eradication of skin microbiota restores cytokine production and release in polymorphic light eruption","volume":"33","author":"Zarfl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/immunopathogenesis-of-polymorphic-light-eruption-role-of-cytokines-effector-and-regulatory-t-cells-and-its-therapeutic-implications\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/immunopathogenesis-of-polymorphic-light-eruption-role-of-cytokines-effector-and-regulatory-t-cells-and-its-therapeutic-implications\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T13:02:26Z","timestamp":1767358946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/immunopathogenesis-of-polymorphic-light-eruption-role-of-cytokines-effector-and-regulatory-t-cells-and-its-therapeutic-implications\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/IJDVL_1191_2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijdvl_1191_2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-3922","0378-6323"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"0973-3922"},{"type":"print","value":"0378-6323"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"article-number":"1"}}