{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T13:12:28Z","timestamp":1755695548780},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijdvl.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJDVL"],"abstract":"\nBackground<\/jats:title>\nMore than four million people today live with Hansen\u2019s disease, and 200,000 new cases are diagnosed every year. Lifetime effects of Hansen\u2019s disease manifest as changes to bones of the face, hands and feet, resulting in physical impairment, secondary complications and facial changes that can be detrimental to quality of life, particularly among the elderly.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nAims<\/jats:title>\nThis study aimed to perform a detailed characterization of rhinomaxillary syndrome and its clinical manifestations in older persons treated in the past for Hansen\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nThis was a cross-sectional study to characterize rhinomaxillary syndrome among older persons (age 60+ years) resident at Pedro Fontes Hospital, Cariacica, Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil. Computed tomography images were examined with three-dimensional reconstructions to assess alterations to maxillofacial bones according to criteria for radiological rhinomaxillary syndrome. Participants were examined to assess facial alterations according to criteria for clinical rhinomaxillary syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nRhinomaxillary syndrome was investigated in 16 participants (ten females and six males), median age 70 (range 60\u201389) years, age at diagnosis 20 (6\u201343) years and time since diagnosis 46 (26\u201370) years. Four participants fully met radiological rhinomaxillary syndrome criteria, four partially. All participants with full radiological rhinomaxillary syndrome presented with facial changes which met criteria for clinical rhinomaxillary syndrome, including \u201csaddle nose\u201d (loss of nasal dorsal height and shortened length of nose, due to cartilaginous and\/or bone collapse), concave middle third of the face with sunken nose, maxillary retrognathia and inverted upper lip.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nLimitations<\/jats:title>\nClinical histories were incomplete for some participants because records were lost at the hospital over time.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusion<\/jats:title>\nUntil Hansen\u2019s disease is eliminated from endemic countries, persons affected will continue to present with rhinomaxillofacial alterations caused by Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic> infection. Clinical protocols for assessment and long-term care need to include otorhinolaryngological evaluation, mainly to prevent secondary complications. When rhinomaxillofacial bone changes are suspected, this evaluation should be supported by computed tomography imaging, if available.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijdvl_1203_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T12:38:03Z","timestamp":1638880683000},"page":"483-493","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clinical and radiological assessment of rhinomaxillary syndrome in Hansen\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Rachel Bertolani","family":"do Esp\u00edrito Santo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel Azevedo","family":"Serafim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael Maffei","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging, 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Mun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria, Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Collin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon M.","family":"Collin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Deps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria, Esp\u00edrito Santo, 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