{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T13:10:44Z","timestamp":1792242644952,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijdvl.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJDVL"],"abstract":"\nBackground<\/jats:title>\nMelasma is an acquired dyschromia with several histologic alterations in the epidermis, basement membrane and upper dermis. The treatment of melasma is challenging due to the irregular response and chronicity of the disease. To date, there are no curative strategies, largely due to the limited understanding of the intrinsic effects of each treatment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nObjectives<\/jats:title>\nThe objective of the study was to evaluate the histological changes promoted by triple combination cream, with or without complementary treatment with microneedling and oral tranexamic acid, in the treatment of melasma.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nA factorial, randomised, controlled and evaluator-blinded clinical trial was performed involving 64 women with facial melasma, divided in four groups, who underwent 60 days of treatment with triple combination cream alone (control group) or combined with two monthly microneedling sessions (microneedling group), TA 250 mg twice daily (tranexamic acid group), or both tranexamic acid group and microneedling group. The participants underwent biopsy of the area with melasma at inclusion (D1) and D60. The primary outcomes were the variation (D1 \u00d7 D60) between the variables: Thickness of the epidermis and stratum corneum, stratum corneum compaction and solar elastosis; melanin density in the epidermis and upper dermis; proportion between the extension of the nonintact and intact basement membrane zone; mast cell count in the upper dermis; melanocyte count in the basal layer, pendulum melanocyte count and melanocyte area; immunostaining density of vascular endothelial growth factor; stem cell factor and keratinocyte growth factor.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nOne participant in the TG discontinued tranexamic acid due persistent headache; and herpes simplex occurred in three patients after microneedling. The groups showed a 24% (CI95%: 17\u201335%; P<\/jats:italic> < 0.01) reduction in epidermal melanin density. There was no change in dermal melanin density or the area of melanocytes after treatment. There was an overall 25% (CI95%: 7\u201342%; P<\/jats:italic> < 0.01) reduction in the number of pendulum melanocytes, especially in the microneedling and tranexamic acid group, that presented a 41% (CI95%: 7\u201373%; P<\/jats:italic> < 0.01) reduction. The extension of the nonintact basal membrane relative to the intact basal membrane decreased after treatment, especially in microneedling group and microneedling and tranexamic acid group. There was an increase of 13% (CI95%: 5\u201321%; P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02) in epidermal thickness and 6% (CI95%: 0\u201322%; P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04) thinning of the stratum corneum in the groups. All groups showed stratum corneum compaction. Solar elastosis improved only in the microneedling group and microneedling and tranexamic acid group. Vascular endothelial growth factor immunostaining increased 14% (CI95%: 4\u201324%; P<\/jats:italic> = 0.03) in the groups; and stem cell factor increased only in microneedling group. There was no change in the number of mast cells, CD34 and keratinocyte growth factor immunostaining.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nLimitations<\/jats:title>\nThe site of biopsy may not represent all of the facial melasma and the immunohistochemical sensitivity of the cytokines does not have a stoichiometric relationship with proteins.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusion<\/jats:title>\nA greater thickness of the epidermis is associated with melasma bleaching. Dermal melanin seems to have no impact on melasma prognosis. Damage to the skin barrier and stimulus of angiogenesis should be avoided in the treatment of melasma. Microneedling complements the topical treatment of melasma by improving patterns of skin photoaging. Oral tranexamic acid complements the topical treatment of melasma by inhibiting the stem cell factor.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijdvl_126_2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T12:18:37Z","timestamp":1647087517000},"page":"761-770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Histological changes in facial melasma after treatment with triple combination cream with or without oral tranexamic acid and\/or microneedling: A randomised clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Daniel Pinho","family":"Cassiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia Cavalcante","family":"Esp\u00f3sito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Dermatologia e Radioterapia, Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, 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