{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T16:38:54Z","timestamp":1757608734007,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijdvl.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJDVL"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The immunological context of leprosy is influenced by mechanisms closely associated with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA). HLA-G, a non-classical class I (Ib) molecule, plays a key role in regulating immune responses and has been linked to the progression and prognosis of various diseases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate HLA-G expression both in situ and in its soluble form in patients with different forms of leprosy, such as tuberculoid (TT), borderline tuberculoid (BT), borderline lepromatous (BL), and lepromatous leprosy (LL) and leprosy reactions, such as reversal reaction (RR) and erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Biopsy samples from 71 patients and eight healthy controls were used for HLA-G immunohistochemistry. Serum samples from 43 patients and five controls were used to detect soluble HLA-G by ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In situ HLA-G expression was observed in 78.6% of TT, 58.8% of BT, 60.0% of BB, 31.2% of BL, and 21.4% of LL patients. Among patients with leprosy reactions, 72.7% of RR and 33.3% of ENL showed HLA-G expression. TT patients exhibited higher expression than healthy controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.007) and LL patients (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.043). The levels of soluble HLA-G were similar in all clinical forms and leprosy reactions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study was limited by a small sample size, particularly in the ENL group of patients. This may have influenced the results. Furthermore, the ability to investigate soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) was limited by the number of patients available for this analysis. Additionally, the study\u2019s cross-sectional design did not allow for assessing changes in HLA-G expression and sHLA-G levels over time.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>HLA-G expression was higher in TT leprosy patients and decreased across the clinical forms, suggesting that this molecule may modulate the course of leprosy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijdvl_139_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T06:32:27Z","timestamp":1756881147000},"page":"1-6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Increased expression of histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-G in the tuberculoid form of leprosy"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"0","author":[{"given":"Fabiana Covolo de Souza","family":"Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Technical Team, Lauro de Souza Lima Institute, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora Regina","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Team of Patologia, Lauro de Souza Lima Institute, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana Raquel Vicenzi","family":"Fachin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Team of Patologia, Lauro de Souza Lima Institute, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cleverson Teixeira","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Team of Patologia, Lauro de Souza Lima Institute, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea Faria Fernandes","family":"Belone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Team of Patologia, Lauro de Souza Lima Institute, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00e2nia Nieto Brito de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Technical Team, Lauro de Souza Lima Institute, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2018.30.5.562","article-title":"Identification of mycobacterium leprae and mycobacterium lepromatosis in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded skin samples from Mexico","volume":"30","author":"Torres-Guerrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-3","first-page":"255","article-title":"Classification of leprosy according to immunity a five-group system","volume":"34","author":"Ridley","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2021.08.006","article-title":"Leprosy: Clinical and immunopathological characteristics","volume":"97","author":"Froes","year":"2022","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-5","first-page":"7","article-title":"Who expert committee on leprosy","author":"Bloom","year":"1988","journal-title":"World Heal Organ - Tech Rep Ser"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.338-381.2006","article-title":"The continuing challenges of leprosy","volume":"19","author":"Scollard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leprosy reactions\u202f: New knowledge on pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention","author":"Mehta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2326636","article-title":"A class I antigen, HLA-g, expressed in human trophoblasts","volume":"248","author":"Kovats","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.11.005","article-title":"HLA-g: From biology to clinical benefits","volume":"29","author":"Carosella","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2003.08.346","article-title":"Expression of HLA-G in human cornea, an immune-privileged tissue","volume":"64","author":"Le Discorde","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2016.01.003","article-title":"Elevation of HLA-G-expressing DC-10 cells in patients with gastric cancer","volume":"77","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2015.12.005","article-title":"New developments in HLA-G in cardiac transplantation","volume":"77","author":"Lazarte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.2174\/187152812803590037","article-title":"New insights into HLA-G and inflammatory diseases","volume":"11","author":"Rizzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2007.11.001","article-title":"Expression of human leukocyte antigen-G in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"69","author":"Rosado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12390","article-title":"HLA-G 14-bp Ins\/Ins genotype in patients harbouring helicobacter pylori infection: A potential risk factor?","volume":"83","author":"Genre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.03.007","article-title":"Biology of the immunomodulatory molecule HLA-G in human liver diseases","volume":"62","author":"Amiot","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657625","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/657625","article-title":"Some basic aspects of HLA-G biology","volume":"2014","author":"Alegre","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-020-01168-4","article-title":"Analysis of HLA-G protein expression in leprosy","volume":"72","author":"da Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.14","article-title":"The +3187A\/G HLA-G polymorphic site is associated with polar forms and reactive reaction in leprosy","volume":"1","author":"Lucena-Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Genet Genomic Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298569","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/298569","article-title":"Immunomodulatory properties of HLA-G in infectious diseases","volume":"2014","author":"Amiot","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80443-2","article-title":"Cytokine patterns at the site of mycobacterial infection","volume":"191","author":"Sieling","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2016.01.004","article-title":"Differential expression of HLA-G and ILT-2 receptor in human tuberculosis: Localized versus disseminated disease","volume":"77","author":"Saurabh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017944","article-title":"Evolving methods in genetic epidemiology III gene-environment interaction in epidemiologic research","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002639","article-title":"Increase in TGF-\u03b2 Secreting CD4+CD25+ FOXP3+ T regulatory cells in anergic lepromatous leprosy patients","volume":"8","author":"Saini","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040298","article-title":"Role for CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in reactivation of persistent Leishmaniasis and control of concomitant immunity","volume":"200","author":"Mendez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200804-529OC","article-title":"FoxP3+ regulatory T cells suppress effector T-cell function at pathologic site in miliary tuberculosis","volume":"179","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/increased-expression-of-histocompatibility-leukocyte-antigen-g-in-the-tuberculoid-form-of-leprosy\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/increased-expression-of-histocompatibility-leukocyte-antigen-g-in-the-tuberculoid-form-of-leprosy\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T06:32:28Z","timestamp":1756881148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/increased-expression-of-histocompatibility-leukocyte-antigen-g-in-the-tuberculoid-form-of-leprosy\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/IJDVL_139_2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijdvl_139_2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-3922","0378-6323"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"0973-3922"},{"type":"print","value":"0378-6323"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"article-number":"1"}}